Working capital loan guarantee basic operation procedure

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  • / Author: Aaron Lewis
The first chapter, the liquidity loan guarantees basic operating procedures
A basic operation steps, loan guarantee business
1, business consulting
2, guarantee applicationSubmit the "principal guarantee" and related materials for enterprises
3, project acceptance
1"), guarantee project acceptance registration form"
(2), "notification of acceptance" business
4First, guarantee
5, sift
6Approval, guarantee"The guarantee project review opinions" (during the review the submissions are hosted by the business department, audit department, the director and deputy general signed opinions).
7The general manager, the office will consider for adoption
(1) ", guarantee project review meeting minutes"
(2), "the guarantee project review opinions"
(3), "the general manager office meeting" (office members signed opinions)
(4), should be reported to the board of directors of the company considered the guarantee program, the board of directors of the Company review "guarantee project review opinions", (a member of the board of directors signed opinions) issued "the resolution of the board of directors".
8Letter of intent, guarantee"Guarantee" letter of intent
9The bank will pass
10, premium
11The signing of the formal contract
1),  Preparation of blank contract text
1), "commissioned by the guarantee agreement"
2), "mortgage" counter guarantee contract
3), "the pledge" counter guarantee contract
4), "counter guarantee guarantee"
5), "financial supervision agreement"
6) "," security management protocol
(2), Audit the blank text
"Contract review form"
3.  A formal contract
12Implementation procedures, for the counter guarantee
13The guarantee deposit, processing
14The guarantee contract, signed with the bank
15, bank loans
(1), "guarantee business contact list"
(2), "the loan guarantee account"
16After security check
(1), "the guarantee project inspection report"
(2), "guarantee due notice"
(3), "the guarantee project extension (late) report"
17The suretyship liability, lift
(1), normal repayment, lift the suretyship liability.
(2), if the enterprise can not repay their loans, the Guarantee Corporation for compensation, the lifting of the security responsibility, at the same time, the Guarantee Corporation by the guarantor to creditors, to guarantee creditor in exercising the right of recourse for enterprises.
18The end, guarantee
(1), "owing on the loan certificate" (copy, bank fixed format)
(2), "exempt from guarantee responsibility confirmation form"
The second chapter, guarantee business application and acceptance
The first section, business consulting
One, the Guarantee Corporation, faq.
Two, understand the enterprise source, whether the bank recommended, and bank loans are already implemented.
Three, understand the basic situation of the applicant, such as the establishment of the time, nature, registration, dominate the market, products, sales, trade, financing demand.
Four, on the application of the counter guarantee resources to do simple to understand, the counter guarantee measures and species recognition.
Five, learn to apply enterprise: cost, time, the success rate of sensitivity.
The second section, guarantee application
Submitted by the enterprises (loan guarantee application), including guarantees for the amount, for guarantee period, apply for loan projects, loan purpose, the main source of repayment and loan bank, counter guarantee measures.
In section third, the project acceptance
One, the choice of the project
According to their own advantage and the demands of shareholders, selection of main insurance industry. At present, small and medium-sized enterprises lack of funds, so for small and medium-sized enterprises to provide working capital loan guarantee is the Credit Guarantee Corporation is one of the main business varieties.
If the enterprise shall meet the following conditions declined to provide guarantee:
1, enterprises have not yet overdue loans.
Have resort to deceit behavior process guarantees data of 2, enterprise and warning invalid case.
3, guarantee financing for countries to prohibit or restrict the production, management and investment in the field of.
4, debt to asset ratio higher than 70% of the enterprises.
5, the last 3 years have bad management and default records enterprises.
6, involve major civil, social disputes, and no final results of the determination of the enterprise.
7, no regular servicing ability of the enterprise. The deterioration of operating conditions and difficult to improve enterprise.
8, no counter guarantee measures or anti security measures can not be implemented enterprise.
Two, project declaration data
(a), about the basic situation of the enterprise information
1, the enterprise through the copy of the business license annual inspection.
2, the special business license copy, the new technology enterprise certification copy.
The enterprise qualification certificate, credit rating certificate.
3, copies of the organization code certificate.
Copy 4, business tax registration certificate (photocopy of tax, land tax). Enjoy the approval document, copy tax relief policy.
5, enterprise loan card copy, loan card password, credit card records of recent query.
6, the registered capital or single copy into the capital (equity change or transfer shall provide proof). Non currency contribution should provide the assets evaluation report copy.
7, copy of the articles of Association (with the trade and Industry Bureau for the record.).
8, the main products technology patent, copyright, trademark certificate, certificate of award and a copy.
9, the import and export business license copy.
In 10, the registration certificate of foreign investment enterprises (foreign-funded enterprises shall provide a copy).
11, company background. If the shareholders as legal person unit, need to submit the shareholder units briefing. If there had been changes in property rights, relevant changes required to submit data.
12, the enterprise internal departments and departments.
13, the enterprise registration, production and operation of land / housing permits / property certificate or a copy of the lease contract (including the recent payment voucher rental).
(two), about the enterprise personnel information
1, the legal representative qualification certificate and a copy of ID card.
2, specific managers authorization letter and a copy of ID card.
3, the chairman of the company, the general manager, deputy general manager, chief financial officer and the guarantee business specific managers resume.
4, other relevant personnel of the enterprise information.
(three), about the product and market situation of enterprise information
1, trademark registration certificate.
2, the patent and non patent technology certificate.
3, the award-winning products, high-tech products that certificate book.
4, the intangible assets evaluation report.
5, and the raw material supplier cooperation agreement.
6, and the joining trader or dealer cooperation agreement.
7, the annual total sales contract statistics list, this year not completed and is expected to achieve income statistics list (contract contract parties, subject, quantity, amount, term of performance).
8, product introduction. Include specific, technical level, technical sources, product visibility and market situation.
9, the company's revenue composition and proportion.
10, be receivable cycle.
11, the production capacity and expand production plan.
12, the business process is introduced, including the purchase and the purchase channels, sales and sales channels, settlement.
13, market analysis: product market positioning, market conditions and competitive advantage, market risk.
14, the projects under construction and completed fixed assets investment budget table (including the parties to the contract, the subject, the total cost, payment, for guarantee period, during the execution of expected payments).
(four), about the enterprise's financial situation information
1, December 31, 2006, December 31, 2007 and 2008 in January on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement as well as the main subject details.
2, 2007 December and 2008 January the value added tax (business tax) tax returns, tax payment voucher.
3, bank accounts, including bills, bank settlement account and general account for basic and main settlement bank within one year of.
4, the existing bank loans loan contract, guarantee (mortgage) contract.
5, existing to provide guarantee for other enterprises (mortgage) guarantee (mortgage) contract.
6, the place of business of the purchase contract or lease contract.
7, other related enterprise financial information.
(five), about the loan guarantee program information
1, "principal guarantee application".
2, the shareholders' meeting (board of directors) agreement decided to apply for the loan guarantee to a certain investment Guarantee corporation.
3, other relevant information security project.
(six), on the counter guarantee measure data
1, the third party enterprise credit - guarantee the materials needed
1), the third party agrees to provide the shareholder credit counter guarantee will (board of directors) resolution.
2), the third copy of the business license.
3), the third party construction industry business license copy.
4), the third party corporate code certificate copy.
5), the third party tax registration certificate (photocopy of country, land tax).
6), the third party credit card computer query results copy.
7), the third party copy of capital verification report (including registered capital verification and previous replenishment).
8), the third copy of the articles of association.
10), December 31, 2006, December 31, 2007 and 2008 third in January on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement.
11, third 2008 January financial report of the main subjects of detailed description of.
12, third 2007 December and 2008 January the value added tax (business tax) tax returns, tax payment voucher.
Bill 13, third party key account bank on 2008.
14, the existing third party loans loan contract, guarantee (mortgage) contract.
15, the existing third party the place of business of the purchase contract or lease contract.
16, the third party legal representative qualification certificate and a copy of ID card.
17, the third party specific managers authorization letter and a copy of ID card.
18, other third party security units of data.
2, the property mortgage documents required for the
1), land, real estate mortgage: land use permits, all of the housing, land use right transfer agreement, the land leasing demand duplicate of the original documents, purchase payment certificate copy.
2), equipment mortgage: purchase invoices and other property rights certification copy.
3), traffic tools: purchase invoices, travel documents.
4), mortgage owners agree on collateral shareholders (board of directors) resolution or a personal letter of commitment.
5), mortgaged to other mortgagee information.
6), consent of the customs supervision of goods for mortgages that were.
7), other information about the mortgage.
3, the property company to provide required information
1), prove the pledge property file.
2), the owner agreed to pledge, pledge on the meeting of shareholders (board of directors) resolution or a personal letter of commitment.
3), other relevant pledge data.
4, the individual unlimited joint and several liability means the materials needed
1), individual unlimited joint and several liability commitment letter.
2), Id photocopy of both husband and wife.
3), a copy of marriage certificate.
4), personal property list.
5), the purchase agreement, personal property of all housing, certificate of payment, the loan agreement.
6), personally owned vehicles travel documents, invoices, purchase loan agreement.
7), people in the other ownership certificate.
8), other relevant individuals associated data.
(seven), other relevant and the guarantee project information
Three, loans audit
1, guarantee the applicant scope audit
Certificate of qualification license production of special industry relevant documents, from the enterprise to provide the registration or approved the establishment of the business license, the right to approve department issued or enterprise, and health, environmental protection, energy and other relevant documents of approval or license and other materials in the audit business scope is consistent with national laws, regulations of the scope, compliance with loan for the corresponding loan range.
2, the use of the loan guarantee audit
From the enterprise to fill in the "application form", the bank loan guarantee loan application, products or raw materials purchase and sale contract and other materials in the audit business borrowing is normal and reasonable use of the loan, the liquidity is consistent with the scope of production and operation, is really for the production, management, storage or turnover link, whether has a direct relationship with the the purpose of the loan and the purchase and sale agreement, contract or order.
3, strictly examine the enterprise information submitted is complete
Because the operating situation of each enterprise is different, have different development condition, according to the actual situation of enterprises to make enterprises to submit relevant information and management.
4, strictly examine the enterprise data submission is effective, legitimate
(1), query business bank account statement, the cash flow and financial statements to verify the enterprise in bank deposits is true.
(2), query the enterprise income tax invoice and value-added tax invoices, and verify the sales revenue of the enterprise is reliable.
(3), through the check report and general ledger, ledger, bank statements, orders and sales contracts, check the original documents, check the financial statements give a true situation, whether do accounts, accounts, vouchers, accounts.
(4), by investigating the main production and operation of enterprises of the place, asked to actual production operation, raw materials and finished goods inventory.
(5), query the true value of purchases of fixed assets and assets of the original contract, the raw material of protocols and invoice verification of enterprise.
(6), credit and the situation of enterprises through other means. As for its accounts and bank loans, by querying the enterprise and its affiliated enterprises credit card records, check the repayment of the loan and credit conditions. With the aid of the network query, query the upstream and downstream enterprises and its affiliated enterprises etc..
(7), on arrival, the pledge property documents to verify, ensure the legitimate property rights, clear. Involving a total property against, pledge, shall be made a total of written documents issued by the consent to, pledge. The assets of the enterprise credit, pledge also need for submission of the relevant board of directors or shareholders agreed to pledge, the resolution and authorization document. To real estate as an example, to examine collateral ownership certificate original and area, use, structure, purchase or completion date, assessment of the value of the surrounding environment, liquidity, etc.. By the chattel mortgage, pledge, mortgage, pledge to observe the specifications, models, quality, price and value, etc.. With bonds, certificates of deposit, bill of lading, pledge, to examine the certificate authority, distinguish the true from the false.
In section fourth, the implementation of counter guarantee
A, principles and methods
(a), the main principle
Should be based on the core assets of enterprises as the focus. According to the specific situation of enterprises, design flexible combination package.
(two), counter guarantee of choice
1, the law unblemished.
2, easy to touch the insured interest.
3, easy to implement.
4, the easy to cash.
5, not easy to fall.
6, easy to evaluate and monitor.
(three), the main way to obtain the value of the mortgaged property
1, is to provide enterprise application security, Guarantee Corporation agree with the applicant, make a reasonable valuation of collateral.
2, through the professional assessment agencies for assessment of collateral.
3, the Guarantee corporation conduct on-site inspection and evaluation.
(four), a common anti security measures
1, the mortgage
Including real estate, land use rights, key equipment, transportation, energy storage of raw materials, in products, semi-finished products, finished products such as.
2, the pledge
Including real estate, intellectual property rights, income rights, securities, certificates, bills of lading, warehouse receipts and bills.
3, the guarantee of the third party
Including corporate and natural person.
(five), collateral review
1, review of collateral management authority (right).
The subject of rights, the guarantor and the 2 review rights specified in the certificate of compliance.
3, review the collateral value.
4, review the collateral has set up other guarantees.
5, review the collateral value, physical impairment loss risk.
Two, arrived in (Qualitative) Ya Liucheng
(a), real estate mortgage
1, the main object
Has paid the total price and get a complete, consistent with the land property rights that department accepting the mortgage conditions of real estate (specific requirements seen around the land sector.).
2, other real estate
Not in conformity with the land department to accept the real estate mortgage: raising the housing, the Housing Corporation, the housing welfare, housing mortgage, did not pay the full price of land, mainly through the original way of pledge.
3, the inspection focus
The original check property card, when necessary, to the land bureau check registration.
4, the real estate mortgage operation registration procedure
Provide certified real estate certificate copy, asset appraisers, the signing of the contract, the Land Bureau for the registration of mortgage, insurance, submitted to the real estate certificate and the original insurance policy for guarantee institutions for safekeeping.
In 5, the matters needing attention
(1), the property rights of people with common people, there must be signed mortgage contract or provide a notarized authorization. The right people married, the spouse shall be signed mortgage statement.
(2), housing rental, must inspect the rental contract, rental terms and understanding, not realizing the right to mortgage and real estate realizable hinder terms.
(3), according to the review committee requirements, need to set the transfer of pre authorization for real estate, notary in the mortgage, which is convenient for future disposal of property, can be handled directly by the institution through the agent. 
(two), equipment mortgage
1, the main object
Purchase of domestic equipment, import duty paid equipment, customs supervision but have regulation and deregulation device (the device must be in accordance with local mortgage department accepting the request).
2, other equipment
Not accept mortgage of equipment, such as import equipment, leasing equipment etc..
3, the inspection focus
Equipment invoice, payment vouchers, import approval, customs declaration, tax payment certificate. When necessary, check the authenticity of the invoice.
4, equipment mortgage registration procedures
Equipment check invoices, asset appraisers, the signing of the contract, the trade and Industry Bureau for the registration of mortgage, insurance, mortgage registration and submit the equipment the original insurance policy for guarantee institutions for safekeeping.
In 5, the matters needing attention
(1), check the equipment management authority if there are problems, including rental, a total of, not to pay the full amount of.
(2), check whether the device has been secured, such as attachment.
(3), according to the review committee, set up equipment suppliers repurchase request, pay attention to enter into repurchase agreements.
(4), according to the review committee requirements, need to set the transfer of pre authorized equipment, for the notarization in the mortgage, which is convenient for future disposal equipment, can be handled directly by the institution through the agent.
(three), personal guarantee
1, the scope of personal guarantee
Enterprise shareholders, enterprises, enterprise product technology owner operator.
2, the inspection focus
Check the guarantor and the identity certificate, copy of ID. Check the guarantor marital status, a copy of marriage certificate. Check the guarantor property list, check and copy property proof material.
3, the property list
Real estate (including the mortgage of real estate, not for real estate certificates of real estate, installment land. The city and outside, inside and outside the real estate. Since the building, raising the housing), cars, stocks and bonds, bank deposits, corporate shares, other assets.
In 4, the matters needing attention
(1), which were married, the spouse must be signed a guarantee contract.
(2), a list of property in the property owners, should provide a common reference data and the property of the.
(3), which were not personally signed contract, are required to provide notarized authorization, signed by the client.
(four), the enterprises to ensure the
1, ensure the enterprise type
Affiliated enterprises borrowing enterprise or shareholder, the major operators, good business performance, meet the guarantee conditions of the enterprise.
2, the inspection focus
To ensure the relevance of enterprises and enterprises (including enterprises and between shareholders), guarantee the basic conditions of enterprises.
In 3, the matters needing attention
(1), the security shall be guaranteed Enterprise Directors (shareholders) will agree and issued by the director (shareholders) resolution.
(2), under normal circumstances, the enterprise does not guarantee as the main counter guarantee measures.
(five), the equity pledge
1, the equity pledge
The borrowing enterprise major shareholders or all shareholders. A franchise business ownership. Better performance of the stock of the listing Corporation.
2, the inspection focus
Authenticity check enterprise capital and shareholder investment. Check the state of enterprise assets. Check the corporate liabilities and contingent liabilities.
In 3, the matters needing attention
(1), the equity pledge shall provide the board of directors (shareholders) resolution.
(2), in addition to sign a pledge contract shall sign the roster of the shareholders, and the statement, and the statement of shareholders and deposit guarantee institutions.
(3), must pledge to provide shareholder data (including personal and corporate).
(4), for small and medium-sized enterprise ownership is not easy, so under normal circumstances, the equity pledge not as the main counter guarantee measures.
(six), tax rebates pledge and account supervision
1, the refund application
The borrowing enterprise approved by provincial foreign trade department or tax bureau of export tax refund shall be returned without.
2, the inspection focus
Understand the business history of the tax rebate. The authenticity of the approval of the enterprise to provide export should be returned without tax rebate amount.
3, tax rebates pledge and account monitoring procedures.
Companies with export tax refund should be returned without certificate, signed the contract and supervision agreement, to the bank for the mortgage and account monitoring procedures, submitted by the enterprise export tax rebate registration manual guarantee institutions for safekeeping.
In 4, the matters needing attention
(1), enterprise tax rebate accounts shall be opened in bank loans, so that supervision, the account must be the only export rebate account.
(2), the tax rebate account should guarantee institutions and enterprises double seal management, account payments into the enterprises must apply, guarantee institution shall issue a written consent shall be handled.
(3), cash and tax accounts should be returned without refund amount exceeds the pledge, may agree to the enterprise out of use.
(4), the enterprise export tax rebate registration certificate should be guarantee institutions for safekeeping.
(seven), pledge securities
1, the scope of pledge of securities
Cash deposits, bonds, bank acceptance bill, commercial bill.
2, the inspection focus
Check the authenticity of the securities.
3, pledge securities operating procedures
Signed a pledge contract and the pledge to the bank application to pledge for registration, the ticket guarantee institutions for safekeeping register storage.
In 4, the matters needing attention
(1), cash deposit currency generally limited to RMB, HKD, usd.
(2), corporate bonds and commercial acceptance bill will have a certain acceptance risk, to consider the drawer in order to be entertained.
(eight), the patent pledge
1, the pledge of patent right
The invention patent, utility model has been approved by the registration of patents.
2, the inspection focus
Registration of patent documents. The patent application. Evaluation of patent value.
Procedure 3, the patent pledge
The signing of the contract, the contract, pledge registration application and related materials sent to Beijing national patent bureau for registration, the registration of the pledge made the approval documents.
In 4, the matters needing attention
(1), used as a pledge of patent deal with the enterprise has certain constraints.
(2), assessment of the value of the patent right is only for reference, not a discount amount in pledge.
(3), not as the main counter guarantee measures of patent pledge.
(nine), car pledge
1, the pledge of automobile
The higher value, running in good condition, all documents complete vehicle.
2, the inspection focus
Car condition, driving time, mileage, repair records, illegal record.
In 3, the matters needing attention
(1), attention should be paid to the legitimacy of the car source.
(2), generally only accept the license plate car pledge.
(3), pledge should be stored in designated security agencies of the place, and regularly check.
(4), car pledge not as the main counter guarantee measures.
(ten), receivables pledge and account supervision
1, the pledge of receivables range
Single large amount, payment terms, payment of reasonable human more credit for large enterprises.
2, not acceptable receivables
Contract payments. The harsh conditions of the contract payment. No contract of receivables.
3, the inspection focus
Receivables contract. The enterprise accounts receivable recovery situation.
4, accounts receivable pledge and account monitoring procedures
The approved receivables and the drawee drawee agree to list, collect receivables to pay the account designated by the letter, signed the agreement for the account, account supervision supervision procedures.
In 5, the matters needing attention
(1), shall determine the regulatory accounts for only outstanding accounts receivable.
(2), receivables pledge not as the main counter guarantee measures.
Processing priority conflict, in the civil execution procedure five
(a), the priority for the basic concepts of CIS
(two), conflict of right of priority in civil enforcement procedure
1, special creditor priority and priority conflict
(1), conflicts in construction projects priority and hypothec.
(2) the conflict, wages, social insurance costs and mortgage.
(3), the conflict of land leasing and mortgage.
(4) the judicial cost, conflict with other priorities.
(5), taxes and mortgage rights conflict.
2, the conflict between priority of claim
(1) the conflict, lien, mortgage, pledge.
(2) the conflict, two or more mortgages, pledge between.
3, prior to adopt property preservation of creditor's rights and the ordinary creditor's rights conflict
(three), civil procedure of execution priority application in the cis position principle
1, due to the frequent conflicts appear multiple priority under the same property, mainly by the following principles
(1), human rights is better than the property, property is better than the principle of creditor's rights.
(2), private than public principle.
(3), the right of priority is the priority principle.
(4), legal priority over the agreed priority principle.
(5), set or register the first real right for security priority principle.
(6), property preservation measures debt before other ordinary creditor's rights principles.
2, according to the principles of conflict, the processing property of the executed person is from the proceeds can be assigned according to the following sequence:
(1), ownership. In the implementation of property ownership, argue to recover its property, the court examined and confirmed its ownership shall be permitted.
(2), the necessary living expenses, the right to enjoy immunity from execution of rights in accordance with the law, shall be protected according to the local standard of living.
(3), the right to offset the person subjected to execution, is also a credit to its creditors, and the claims for debt cancellation in whole or in part, with the execution cost offsets.
(4), the right of priority, including the total benefit costs, wages, social insurance costs, maintenance, maintenance, maintenance, pension, personal injury damages, purchase, land leasing, construction engineering, taxes etc.. Because the number of priority classes, special creditor's variety, in the process of execution in practice should be in accordance with human rights over property, property is better than creditor's rights and the principle of private than public to determine the order of discharge.
(5), the priority for repayment, including execution property set lien, mortgage and pledge, between the three should be in accordance with the statutory priority to agreed priorities and the principle of setting or register the first real right for security priority determination marshaling.
(6), prior to adopt property preservation or enforcement of creditor's rights.
(7), the common monetary right of credit.
The third chapter, the guarantee project survey
The Guarantee Corporation received the application for guarantee the security of the enterprise application, and after examination and approval after the acceptance of the application, for guarantee the credit status of enterprises, management, use of the loan and the existing risk analysis and investigation of seek truth from facts, opinions and suggestions are put forward according to the security industry policy and bank policy and does not guarantee, guarantee the amount, the guarantee fee rate, the warranty period, the repayment plan etc..
The loan investigation can be divided into data collection, on-the-spot investigation, analysis of data and writing the report in four stages. Among them, the collection of comprehensive, true and complete information is the most critical step determines the level quality survey report, investigators can be used to collect data from the two aspects of enterprise external and internal.
External: related sites, the mainstream media, similar enterprises, the Department in charge of the enterprise, the administrative department for Industry and commerce, the tax department, for guarantee of corporate loans and other financial institutions, industry associations and other units.
Enterprise: enterprise executive team, comprehensive department, financial department, project management department, purchasing department, sales department and human resources department. Most in need of attention is the shuttle investigators to enterprises of the driver, who often is on the inside and outside the company information.
A, field survey points
(a), in the business process, many factors affect the normal repayment, not all the factors are enumerated, and treat any problems, can not be one-sided and should judge the correct comprehensive analysis of the situation to, not a sneeze that is cold, high blood pressure is high. Each industry is different, different scale, different business managers, not rigidly adhere to a form, but should according to the specific situation of enterprises specific analysis, focusing on key enterprises need to pay attention to. Sometimes the enterprise information can be reflected by the text, sometimes you need to communicate business manager and enterprise, because the art to speak, through different negotiation skills, try to make the enterprise operators to open the clip, dig out the deep enterprise information is not the thing, in preparation for the following analysis. In addition the interview can not rigidly adhere to certain rules, personal experience is a feint, don't worry about not understanding of the industry, the experience of their own shallow young. You know, the manager of enterprise is the demand side, he was more nervous this time, must not let him know you're thinking. People, a tense, sometimes to say not to say, you are out. From the direction of the big it is the company's financial situation, the industry situation, business management, production situation, market situation, raw material procurement, sales, technology, income, repayment willingness and repayment ability. Also not limited to only and enterprise managers know, boss's driver, near the cleaning staff, the warehouse administrator, service personnel will sometimes have unexpected harvest. Interview content as follows:
What are the 1, the major shareholder of the company? What is the relationship between the major shareholders? The relationship between the general manager of the legal representative, the chairman, and shareholders? Who is the real decision-maker daily business activities of the company?
Company existing staff 2, how much? In recent years the size of business (Sales) about how much? The sites of production and business operation?
3, what are the Associate Company? The company is in the company? Their business situation how?
4, company's revenue comes mainly from these aspects? Other business income of enterprises have no, what? Receivable account of how cycle?
What is the 5, the main products of the company or service? How the production capacity and the main equipment? In the income, the main products (or services) accounted for? The main products (or services) the price? Gross profit?
6, high technology company, introduces sources, technical superiority (certification, awards, comparative analysis), core technical personnel.
7, the company business target market (or customers) is what? The industry's development in recent years.
8, at present, the company to the industry competition? What is the main means of competition? To enter the industry required what conditions? The average price level and the profit level of the industry? Whether to have the obvious advantage of the company has been formed (national or regional)?
9, the company's main products (or services) market positioning (price positioning, customer positioning) is what? At present, the main market in where (regional, industry)? The proportion of different market sales in the company? The main products of the company in the market, the share?
10, with the same kind of products (or services), your product (or service) what are the characteristics? Such as technical content, color, price, brand etc..
Market development 11, the company's main by what means? (such as media advertising, the interpersonal relationship an institution or department etc.). The suppliers of raw materials, the relationship between situation how, accounts payable aging?
12, using what kind of sales policy (cash or credit)? Such as the use of credit, payment need how long? Insurance companies generally take what sales policy?
What are the 13 important downstream customers, or sales channels?
14, Introduction Company sales team.
15, in the target market, the main rival what company? A stronger competitiveness? To introduce a few similar location, similar size trade company, business model they have what difference with your company?
16, the complete production and sales process. The company has what functions? Do you think in the operation of existing links, what is the company's strengths? What areas need to be strengthened? As the technology content, production cost, scale advantage, the ability of research and development, sales ability, management level, financial strength etc..
17, after the founding of the company, which is engaged in the best period? What is the most difficult period? What is the main reason?
18, companies get what support policy? Why? These policies and to what end?
19, the industry outlook. The industry have what important opportunities or difficulties? The company is prepared to take what measures?
What is the development strategy of 20, the company? What is the goal in the near future? What are the specific arrangements? The company has what major contract?
21, at present, our main asset is reflected in what areas (such as fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories, creditor)? What are the main creditor? What are the main debt (borrowing large payment, etc.)? What is the lawsuit case?
22, enterprise financial accounting policy, whether the accounting bookkeeping, what is the inventory valuation method, fixed assets depreciation policy, tax policy?
23, the company has what projects? The foreign investment.
24, why to want to apply for the loan? Willing to undertake much borrowing costs? What assets can provide guarantee for the loan? Can guarantee property has been set mortgage or pledge?
(two), to further verify the material, ask the enterprise to provide the original check.
(three), the main production, place of business, by walk, look, ask, judge the actual production, business operation, confirmed on related information and the relevant parties on the situation.
(four), investigation and audit of financial statements, should be based on the actual situation of enterprises, the main investigation to verify the following contents:
1, understand the major accounting policies, whether the accounting bookkeeping.
The system of internal financial control of enterprise 2, is complete and effective implementation.
3, through the use of random events way, determining whether an enterprise to do accounts, real accounts, accounts, account card four match, verify the assets, liabilities, rights and interests are false.
Reservations, reservations 4 audit report part.
5, enterprise or loss and contingent liabilities.
(five), see the collateral, pledge. To the real estate collateral, to examine, understand the mortgage area, use, structure, the completion of inspection, the original price is net, and the periphery environment. By the chattel mortgage, pledge, to examine, understand the mortgage, pledge, model specifications, quality, price and value, etc.. To draft, promissory notes, bonds, certificates of deposit, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, pledge, to examine the certificate authority, distinguish the true from the false, when necessary, ask the relevant departments to identify.
Two, the enterprise survey
(a), investigation of basic conditions for the guarantee enterprise
1, for guarantee enterprise overview
Application name, security companies registered address, date of establishment, history (joint venture needs the joint venture life), the main business, run business, basic account opening bank, and the superior competent department or company. Learn to apply relevant enterprise system guarantee of enterprise application security, enterprise is a Independent Company or corporation, is a joint-stock company is owned company, is the parent company or subsidiary company etc.. Learn to apply the guarantee business relationship between superior and subordinate, group composition, major shareholders, the subsidiary company management system. For guarantee enterprises is a listing Corporation, and understanding for the guarantee enterprise stock issuance date, stock code publishers etc..
2, apply for ownership structure guarantee enterprises
The main application for investigation, guarantee enterprises registered capital paid in capital, the investors, the actual amount of investment, accounting for the proportion of paid in capital, not in place of the paid in capital in place plans in place, not the reason of registered capital. Through the investigation for guarantee the registered capital of the enterprise change, learn to apply the ownership structure guarantee business change, and the historical evolution and enterprise application security relative to the application, analysis of ownership structure of security companies and the actual management is to adapt to. If the parent company's ownership most concentrate on a handful of family shareholders, but operating subsidiary, dispersed ownership of enterprises, can not simply use a series of drawbacks of family enterprises to determine the corporate governance structure is not perfect.
3, application management guarantee enterprises
Need to be investigated are: organizational structure, membership, decision-making mechanism, personnel, management systems and internal control measures etc.. On the application of management guarantee business judgment, and apply for the guarantee enterprise in which the industry characteristics and other factors combine to comprehensive evaluation. Such as high-tech enterprises and labor-intensive enterprises personnel have very big distinction, occupation managers and business owners and managers of the enterprise, also have different effects on the management of the company. In the investigation of application management guarantee business, focus on the analysis of the application of human resource management, guarantee the financial especially mode and characteristics of sales management funds management, procurement of production. At the same time, but also master the application security enterprise is a single corporate client or customer group, if the group's subsidiaries, should be a detailed understanding of the relationship between the parent company of the group control, see through the personnel control, is controlled by the financial relationship, or through the purchase of raw materials and product sales contract control, and to judge the impact of all kinds of control on the relationship between bank loan security.
4, the quality of
The main survey for the legal representative person, guarantee enterprise actual controller and the management team's personnel structure, education level, experience, performance, credibility, integrity, analyzes its management ability. If the management team has a wealth of experience in the industry, with a high sense of responsibility, will increase the security of loan guarantees, if the main controller of the enterprise had a bad business performance or a variety of bad conduct, such as job, extravagance and waste, sabotage, gambling addiction, they should carefully guarantee.
5, reputation status
(1), the credibility of the bank
The opening of accounts, host for which bank is open, in which bank basic clearing households, for guarantee business is a loan from the bank, the total number of loans, has also many, what time the remaining loan maturity. In the case of bank credit rating.
(2), business reputation
Between upstream and downstream enterprises related business and other business, whether or not to perform the contract, payment in arrears and other commercial disputes occur frequently.
(3), other social credit
The relationship between enterprise and application security tax and other related departments, there are no taxes, there is no relevant departments punishment, there is no relevant media exposure to bad behavior.
(two), the investigation for financial guarantee enterprises
1, assets and liabilities
The first analysis of the balance sheet item by item, look at the overall situation of various kinds of financial data, then continuous analysis of the annual changes and changes. At last the entire balance structure is analyzed, compared with the same category of enterprise asset structure, apply for the structure of assets and liabilities guarantee enterprise is reasonable.
2, debt paying ability
Based on the analysis of the enterprise application security nearly two years of assets, liabilities, owner's equity index and the change trend of the total assets and liabilities rate, calculation, current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio and other indicators and analysis of reasons. At the same time, cash flow to the enterprise application security and contingent liabilities to analyze and judge. Attention to the investigation, the solvency of the size of a business is not necessarily its asset size corresponding to the size, because the enterprise's financial statements reflected the status of assets is not completely effective assets such as real, which may have some accounts receivable aging has been very long, it is impossible to recover. Or some inventory of poor quality or the current prices, its value has been greatly devalued or cannot cash etc.. So pay attention to fully understand the basis of real situation of enterprise assets, the comprehensive evaluation of their short-term and long-term debt paying ability.
3, management ability
Investigation and analysis of application security enterprises in recent years the assets turnover, accounts receivable turnover, inventory turnover, the acquisition of raw materials, quantity, production and marketing rate of produce and sale and other financial indicators changes and reasons for applying for guarantee, enterprise management capacity evaluation.
(1), view the application security enterprises in recent years the index growth rate, growth rate, especially the change of market share can reflect the competitiveness of enterprises.
(2), view the application security enterprises in recent years the amount of accounts receivable, the rate of increase or decrease, aging, prevent enterprises increase sales and profits, also can be to the upstream enterprises to understand the reasons of the default payment to another understanding of the applicant, for guarantee the quality of products, competitiveness and market prospects.
4, the profit ability
Investigation, calculation for guarantee enterprise nearly two years of sales revenue, net profit, scale and sales gross margin, sales net profit rate, profit rate of asset, capital profit rate, profit form the main data and other financial indicators and the analysis of the changes and reasons. Generally speaking, the product sales profit rate is high, the cost of goods sold sales net income in the proportion of smaller, cost within a certain period of time fixed unchanged profit more, enterprise profitability is strong. Sometimes need to study business cost rate of profit, cost profit rate is high, indicating the same cost can get more profits, and achieve the same profit to need to spend less cost, also means that the profitability of enterprise application security more strong.
5, the financial situation investigation problems in need of special attention
(1), make the necessary adjustments to the financial data
Analysis for guarantee the solvency of enterprises, should eliminate aged more than 3 years of accounts receivable, prepayments, subsidies of receivable. Prepaid expenses, net loss of current assets, inventory backlog of pending. Start up costs, long-term deferred expense and deferred assets. The other project verification does not have the liquidity.
(2), analysis of enterprise financial statements do not standardized motivation
Distinguish between the financial statements is not standardized accounting errors or deliberate fraud caused. The accounting errors in financial statements, investigators can be adjusted, and the next step of the analysis on the basis of adjustment. The enterprise intentionally false financial statements, should focus on the analysis of the motivation and judgment on the safety of loan brings.
(3), the financial forecast through the whole analysis process
Although the financial data of the enterprise is very important, but the Guarantee Corporation is the relationship between the enterprise's financial results in the future, so the analysis on the financial situation at the same time, focus on the rational forecast of future cash income and other financial situation.
(4), to the actual business analysis and financial data link
Changes in financial indicators, to look for the reason from the specific business of enterprises.
(5), considering the various financial indicators
Because of the different mode of operation, will lead to some index is low and a high index, such as an enterprise products have a certain accounting period, the inventory turnover rate may be lower than the cash settlement of the enterprise, but at the same time the selling price settlement period of products is generally higher than the cash settlement, the resulting profits may be higher than the cash settlement business therefore, can not simply from the low rate of inventory turnover is identified as the enterprise cash settled enterprises.
Three), for guarantee business and market survey
1, the development of the industry
Through the investigation, understanding for guarantee of where the industry is an emerging industry, mature industry is a sunset industry. The industry is likely to enter or exit. The industry average profit is obviously different between the level of the same industry, such enterprises in the area distribution, supply and demand trends, product enterprise.
Investigators from the enterprise application security scale, technology, management, the competitiveness of products of raw materials, control capability to judge applicants in the industry's position.
2, production
(1), the scale of production, the total output value, sales and enterprise asset size, market share and market position, the stages of development.
(2), learn to apply the guarantee business equipment, technology, production cycle, production capacity and storage facilities.
(3), to understand the application security enterprises are manufacturers, wholesalers or retailers.
(4), production is seasonal, raw materials supply of seasonal or product sales of seasonal.
(5), the existing production capacity, production scale is reasonable.
(6), quality brand characteristics, the main products of the company, the industry is in a leading position, compared with similar products at home and abroad have any advantages, it has a strong sense of social influence in the region, as well as the leading product sales income in total income than the weight of the borrower.
3, the raw material Market
To investigate the raw material supply channels and sources, settlement.
4, product market
Market development ability, marketing channel, the sales of the main product and the market share of coverage area.
Investigators need to take into account the enterprise product yield increased after sales market space and potential, reasonable prediction.
5, the market competitiveness
The raw material procurement, product sales and the main technical aspects to find the application main rival security companies, to highlight the advantages of the enterprise and analysis of main competitors to purchase, production, sales and other links.
Four), loan demand and source of repayment feasibility investigation
1, the loan and credit
Investigators need to pay attention to the following points:
(1), the purpose of the loan is reasonable
When the use of the loans are not used for the procurement of raw materials and the production and operation of the other liquidity needs, should be explained and require the borrower.
(2), whether the borrower is the direct users of credit
When the loan is not the borrower when in use, users should be required to provide direct loan joint guarantee responsibility.
(3), is used for the main business growth
Generally speaking, business to business growth, loans used in the production process from the purchase of short-term funds needed cash to return. Need to know whether the enterprise has the loans for speculative business investigation.
(4), whether the loan for other debt repayment of enterprises
Other debt usually have:
1), short-term financing required for other charges payable in daily operation expenditure.
2), production can not cash flows from operating the repayment of all bank loans due for repayment of the loan, may apply for other loans.
2, the loan demand rationality
Measure the actual production lines operating needs of the borrower, carefully investigate the borrowers to apply for the amount and loan purposes are consistent. According to the actual situation, business cycle, cash flow, analysis whether the loan can meet the normal production and operation situation.
Business cycle = days inventory and accounts receivable turnover days
Cash to cash cycle = operating cycle the payables turnover days
According to the operating cycle and cash cycle to determine the borrower's financial needs.
(five), source of repayment
1, the cash income from operations
The first source of repayment, is a necessary prerequisite for the loan approval. Focus on the analysis of consecutive years of net operating cash flow, if negative, even if there is a larger increase in sales revenue, may also appear repayment difficulties.
2, by selling assets into cash
The focus of attention of enterprise assets pledged to the other creditors or have signed "are not allowed to sell or mortgage" clause.
3, through the refinancing cash income
(six), associated enterprises
Some related enterprises exist the transaction through misappropriation of loan funds, the transfer of property, tax avoidance, evasion of debts and other illegal, illegal behavior.
Affiliated enterprises review points:
Through the associated enterprises registered capital flight, whether 1.
2, is the existence of assets, costs, expenses, profit non normal transfer, the existence of false trading, and the formation of false financial report.
3, whether the enterprise a troops several brands of form, to escape the debt of non normal transfer of assets.
There is the use of employee stock ownership plan or MBO and other forms of debt situation, whether the 4 suspended.
5, to examine whether the repeat loan conditions.
There are a guarantee of 6, whether, leading to guarantee virtual situation.
The fourth chapter is the analysis of financial factors
The first section, financial analysisProcedures and source
First, financial analysis steps
(a), the development of the financial analysis programThe composition and division of labor, time schedule, financial analysis and the content analysis method.
(two), collects the financial data analysis
1In recent years, the enterprise and the latest issue of accounting information
2The same industry competitors, and the advanced level, average data.
(three) the authenticity of data collection, analysisIt is only according to the financial statements, is likely to draw a correct conclusion, financial analysis usually can not solve the real problem analysis report, but also pay attention to the following issues.
1Whether the financial report, standard.
2If there are omissions.
3Abnormal phenomenon, analysis of financial data.
4, pay attention to the views of the audit report (rejected, qualified, unqualified).
(four), the implementation of financial analysis
(five), comprehensive evaluation of the financial situation of enterprises
Two, financial analysis of the data source
(a), regularly submit accounting statements of enterprises
(two), the CPA's audit report
1, types of audit report
(1), unqualified audit report
(2), the audit report reservations
(3), adverse opinion report
(4), refusal to express views of the audit report
2The audit report, points for attention
(1The audit report of Certified Public Accountants), high level, good reputation is of high reliability, accounting firms such as audit qualifications in Securities and futures industry will pay more attention to the external reputation and long-term interests, the possibility of issuing false audit report is relatively small, generally for the financial analysis, financial data and does not need large adjustment range.
(2), if the enterprise often change the accounting firm, and the scale is very small, credibility is slightly worse, financial analysis, adjust the accounting statements of enterprises need a wide range of data.
(3), if the CPA out is qualified opinions, negative opinions and refused to publish views of the audit report, generally higher credibility to the audit report, but need to do careful review of "doubt" part, financial data and a wide range of adjustment of enterprises.
(4), if you do not provide the audit report, the need for enterprises to conduct a comprehensive analysis of accounting statements, and adjust the corresponding data.
The second section, the financial analysis method
Generally speaking, there are four main methods of financial analysis:
A, comparison analysisTo illustrate the relationship between the number of financial information and quantity differences between, indicates the direction for further analysis. This comparison can be compared to the actual and planned, can be this period compared with the previous period, also can be compared with the other enterprises in the same industry.
(a), on the basis of
1In this period, compared with previous data during the data phase, analysis of the development trend of the future.
2Compared with other enterprise or industry, do the business data and with the industry average level, advanced level, analysis of enterprise's survival ability, competitive ability.
3Comparison of this period, the actual number of and plan, budget, to complete the analysis plan or budget.
4At the beginning of the period, the final number and the number of comparison, study the relationship between them, changes of gains and losses in these projects.
(two), classification
1), comparative analysis of changes in absolute numbers.
2Percentage changes), comparative analysis.
Two, trend analysisIn order to reveal the financial position and operating results and the reason, nature, to help predict the future. For trend analysis of the data can be an absolute value, also can be the ratio or percentage data.
Three, factor analysisIn order to analyse the influence of some factors on a financial indicators, generally by difference analysis.
Four, ratio analysisThrough the analysis of financial ratios, understand the company's financial position and operating results, often by means of comparative analysis and trend analysis method.
1The type, proportion
1), correlation ratio
2), structure ratio
3), efficiency ratio
2, need to pay attention to the problem
(1), contrast to the project must have correlation.
(2), the numerator and denominator calculated ratios must be consistent in computation time and range etc..
3, measure
(1), historical standards
Such as on the actual, practical, practical, over the same period last year history advanced level.
(2), the intended target
If the budget index, index, quota design.
The method has a certain degree of coincidence. In the practical work, the most widely used method of ratio analysis.
Verification of the third day, the financial analysis of the authenticity of the data
The current enterprise financial accounting report distortion phenomenon is particularly serious, serious doubts it must appear on the in-depth analysis of enterprise reports, statements from the trace to the general ledger, ledger, original vouchers, to truly understand the real financial situation.
Form a, false statements
(a), man-made financial statement dataMan-made financial statements, as submitted to the Guarantee Corporation and the bank, are often inflated asset, virtual cut costs, deficiency of profit, but often report imbalance (sub items and not equal to total), between the accounts do not match, statements and statements Gouji inconsistent, during the report data of non convergence etc..
(two) the relevant data, adjust the financial statements using the accounting methodFalse financial statements by using the accounting method choice form, more subtle means, technology is more advanced, more difficult to identify, common means:
1Revenue recognition, adjust, make the profitProvisions of existing accounting system can adopt three kinds of income determination:
(1Complete the sales behavior), (goods have been sold, to send the goods, make the right or the service has been provided), whether payment is received, can be regarded as the income to achieve.
(2), according to production schedule confirmation (degree completion or progress of the project).
(3), according to the contract confirmation, mainly refers to the installment sales method. At the same time, the business income is confirmed, it should discount, discount, sales returns. Fraud, enterprises can according to need to adjust income confirmation, or adjust the deduction.
2Adjust the inventory valuation method, etc.To add assets and virtual cut costs. Such as through the selection of FIFO, LIFO, weighted average method, the book value of the assets increase, costs or product cost virtual.
3, adjust the depreciation methodTo extend or shorten the depreciation period, reduce cost and virtual, high profit.
The following minimum term of computing depreciation of fixed assets:
(1), houses, buildings, as20Years;
(2), aircraft, train, ship, machine, machinery and other production equipment, for the10Years;
(3), equipment, tools, furniture and other related to production and business activities, as the5Years;
(4), aircraft, train, ship transportation, as4Years;
(5), electronic equipment, as3Years.
The rate of depreciation is:
(1), domestic5%
(2), foreign capital10%
4The use of asset restructuring, profit adjustmentReorganization of assets is the enterprise in order to optimize the capital structure, the adjustment of industrial structure, to achieve the strategic transfer purposes such as replacement of assets and equity exchange to achieve. But the reorganization of assets to be used to do false account, the typical approach:
(1), through the related trade, by the company to high-quality assets replacement another company assets of the poor.
(2), by the company to profitability higher subordinate enterprises sold to another company.
(3), the company will sell some idle asset price to another company.
The characteristics of these practices is a poor use of time, such as a major asset sales in the fiscal year before the end, confirm the profits. One is not equivalent to the exchange, by means of related party transactions, between subsidiaries and parent company"To waste in exchange for gold"The transfer of profits.
5Adjusting the profit, the use of related party transactionsThe main ways:
(1), fictional economic operations, artificially inflated the company business and benefit.
(2), with much higher or lower than the market price, to purchase and sale, replacement of assets and equity exchange.
(3), with guaranteed way of entrustment or delegated management, raise the operating results of the company.
(4), to low interest or interest capital transactions, regulate the financial expenses.
(5), to collect or pay the management fees, or the allocation of common costs profit adjustment.
The biggest characteristic of regulating profits through related party transaction: one is the loss of large can overnight into large profits, and the related transaction profit largely reflects the"Profit from other operations","Income from investment"Or"Operating income"The use of related party transactions, but the company earned"Windfall", often with a primary.
6Evaluation of potential loss, eliminate use of assetsAccording to the provisions of the accounting system and the principle of prudence, enterprise losses shall be in accordance with legal procedures, to be reflected through the income statement. However, many enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, often in the joint-stock restructuring, foreign investment, leasing, mortgage, through the assessment of the assets, bad debts, slow-moving and damaged inventory, long-term investment, fixed assets loss loss and deferred assets losses recognised as assessment of impairment, offset"Capital reserve"Thus, accounting statements, false profit objective.
7Using virtual assets, profit adjustmentAccording to international practice, assets refers to the ability to generate future economic benefits of resources. Can not bring economic benefits to the project, even with the accrual of the requirements listed in the balance sheet, strictly speaking, is not the true sense of the assets, the concept of virtual assets. The so-called virtual assets, refers to the expenses or losses have occurred, but due to the lack of capacity while hanging as prepaid expenses, deferred assets, current asset losses in suspense and fixed assets loss assets to be processed.
Enterprises through the not timely confirmation, less amortization or no amortization expenses and losses have occurred, so as to reduce the cost, increase profit.
8Capitalization of interest, the adjustment of profitsAccording to the provisions of the accounting system, enterprises in the construction and long-term assets fixed assets and pay interest charges, in the long-term assets into use, can be capitalized, included in the costs of long-term assets. Put into use after the interest expense must be included in the current profits and losses. But some enterprises in the long-term assets put into use will interest expenses capitalised, obvious abuse of the matching principle and the distinction between capital expenditure and operating expense principle, the inflated profits.
The capitalization of interest adjustment profit more secretive, using its own capital and borrowed funds is difficult to define the truth, by artificially created funding sources and uses of funds, will be used for non capital expenditure capitalization of interest.
9The equity investment, profit adjustmentThe main practices in foreign investment enterprise according to the need, by selecting the equity method or method of cost accounting for foreign investment, and increase investment income, achieve the purpose of virtually increased profits. Such as: for the profitability of the invested enterprise, the equity method of accounting, the losses of the invested enterprise, even if the equity ratio of more than20%, still use the cost method.
In addition, according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of finance, if the listing Corporation to foreign investment in real assets and intangible assets, assets assessment shall be done, and will evaluate the value-added component included in capital surplus, but require the company to foreign investment transfer, must be debited with the investment capital of public product, also credited to income. This provision undoubtedly to the enterprise inflated profits provides an excuse. As companies with other enterprise agreement to invest in real assets and intangible assets, the valuation of assets each other to overestimate the value of the assets, and will be held by the equity transfer to the associated enterprises of the other party, which will overestimate the value of the assets as operating income increase each other's profit. This is another method using the equity investment profit adjustment.
In addition to using other receivables and other payables and other subjects of regulating profits, increase capital etc..
Recognition method two, false financial statements
(a), of man-made identification method of financial statement dataMainly take the evidence, comparative analysis, audit verification means, generally have the following methods:
1At the same time, the collection of financial statements through different channels as possible, compared the similarities and differences, to question the difference data.
2At the same time, the financial statements of the continuous to enterprises, to challenge the validity of different data.
3Among the different financial statements, check the balance and the statements of the relationship, points out the.
4Compared with the usual observation, grasp the business situation, find out the key or important project financial vulnerabilities, doubt.
5, field investigation, of accounts, accounts, account card and warehouse.
(two), identification method of false statements to the accounting method of choiceSuch a situation is good accounting, often do statements balance and the account, account account, account card agrees, so the identification method should take the following methods:
1The bad assets, the elimination methodHere said the bad assets, including prepaid expenses, pending net loss, net loss of current assets to be processed, fixed asset expenditures, the long-term prepaid expenses and virtual assets outside the project, also including possible potential loss capital projects, such as the elderly, accounts receivable inventory backlog and losses, investment losses fixed asset losses, etc.. Using the method, is compared with the net assets of non-performing assets, if the bad assets approach or exceed the total net assets, not only about the continued viability of enterprises may be a problem, may also indicate that enterprises in the past few years due to exaggerated profit"Asset bubbles". One is to increase the amount of current assets and increase or decrease with the current total profit and profit increase in comparison, if the increase in non-performing assets and increase to increase by more than the total profit and increase the income of enterprise, the table contains"Water content".
2The related party transactions, the elimination methodRelated party transactions exclusion refers to the total operating revenue and profit from the associated enterprises may be eliminated, analysis relies on a specific corporate profitability in the extent to affiliated enterprises, to judge the enterprise profit foundation is solid, the source of profits is stable. If the business income and source of profits of the enterprise mainly come from the affiliated enterprise, it should pay special attention to the pricing policy, the existence of which inflated or virtual reduce profits not equivalent to the exchange and correlation analysis of the phenomenon of enterprise business transaction.
Extended transaction elimination method is the use of consolidated accounting statements, the subsidiary of the accounting statement and its parent company for comparative analysis. If the consolidated financial statements of the parent company's total profit (gross profit should be eliminated subsidiary) is much lower than the total profits of subsidiaries, means the parent company to subsidiaries will transfer profits through related party transactions.
3Abnormal profit, eliminationElimination of abnormal profit refers to the profit from other operations, investment income, income subsidies, excluding income from sales total profits of an enterprise, the stability analysis of the source of enterprise's profit. When the reorganization of enterprise assets or equity investment by way of regulating profits, mainly reflected in these subjects, and is especially effective for such this method.
4, the cash flow analysis method

The cash flow analysis method refers to the cash flows from operating activities, investment activities generated cash flow, cash flow and main business profits, investment income and net profit compared to judge the quality of enterprises, the main business profit, net investment income and profit. If the net cash flow of enterprise long-term below the net profit, will mean and has been confirmed as profit corresponding assets may not virtual assets into cash flow, shows that the enterprise may have inflated profits situation.

The fifth chapter, non financial factor analysis
The first section, the analysis of non-financial factors
Defect analysis, financial factors
(a), hysteresis
Financial statement data is normally an annual period statistics according to various reports, calculation of indicators, including the current ratio, quick ratio, accounts receivable recovery period must be in a period of time (usually 1 years) have the significance, therefore the financial ratio only in the past a long period of time, but the status quo of enterprise can not be timely reveal. In addition, in a sense, various financial index only the past realized value, while for the Guarantee Corporation, the bank provides loans to recover, can be in after a period of time so, future development should pay more attention to the enterprise, such as product market prospect, the core competitiveness of enterprises, configuration and technical personnel, while these key factors deciding the future destiny cannot be reflected in the financial statements.
(two), grey
The financial statements is set up, there are many loopholes metering data largely, which makes the financial statement disclosure information greatly advertisement with incomplete, even false. Only with this information, the Guarantee Corporation service personnel are likely to surface brilliance of enterprise performance, blind optimism, but ignored the surface quality hidden below the crisis. Imperfect financial statements is difficult to control the credit risk of the Guarantee Corporation fundamentally, often appear accounts in water has also greatly increased the difficulty of Guarantee Corporation business personnel monitoring.
(three), short-term
Guarantee Corporation business personnel will make enterprises over the pursuit of short-term financial results to focus on financial indicators, encourages the enterprise success and short-term speculation, so that enterprises can not be good to pursue long-term strategic objectives. This in turn may have a negative impact on the quality of the enterprise loans, will also further damage to the Guarantee Corporation's own interests.
Two, non financial factors on the prevention of credit risk of the Guarantee Corporation
1, the analysis of non-financial factors conducive to business personnel to conduct a comprehensive credit management of loans
2, the analysis of non-financial factors conducive to business personnel to identify potential risks, improve the early warning mechanism
Three, the main content of non financial factors
(a), analysis of customer industry risk
1, competition within the industry
Analysis of industry competition, the purpose is to analyze the customer's business environment and management difficulty. In the following five aspects:
1), new entrants to the original formation pressure of competition of enterprise.
2), from raw materials supplier to the applied pressure, generally reflected in the supply price change.
3), from product purchase business pressure, generally reflected in the price change of buyers buy goods.
4), impact alternatives to the industry product market.
5), the competition between the industry and enterprises.
2, industry life cycle
The development of an industry in general has to go through three stages of emerging, maturity and recession.
1), new
Emerging industry is developing rapidly, annual sales growth in more than 20% companies, emerging industry in order to develop new markets, expand the scale of need to invest a lot of money, often need to bank loans, but at the same time, the emerging industry technology and product development faster updates, start-up costs high, lack of management relevant industry experience, a new rival join constantly, enterprises out of high rate, poor stability of enterprise loan repayment, guarantee risk is relatively high.
2), mature
Mature industry development is relatively stable and orderly, annual sales growth in 0%--20% between, mature industry business loans, mainly used to solve the problem of temporary working capital and plant, equipment renovation, has a wealth of industry risk management experience in production and operation of enterprises, more stable, easier to control the source of repayment, guarantee the relative risk smaller.
3), recession
Declining industry sales declined, enterprises have no grasp of the development and even survival, loan risk.
3, industry barriers
Generally divided into policy barriers, technical barriers and guild barriers. The degree of difficulty of industry competitors, possibility, thus predicting the intensity of competition in the industry of the future. In general, the industry barrier can make the memory in a certain monopoly profits. Thus, fully competitive industry loan risk degree is higher than that of imperfect competition industry, imperfect competition industry loan risk degree is higher than that of monopoly industries.
4, the industry level of profitability
The average profit mainly inspects the customer at the industry rate, thus infer the customer's profit level.
5, trade dependence
There are different degrees of dependence between the various industries, such as real estate and building materials industry, iron and steel and automobile manufacturing, so the analysis of the borrower's industry risk, still need to analyze its dependence on industry's risk.
6, the industry product substitutability
If an industry products have many alternatives, and switching costs are low, the very possibility that the industry's products are replaced, the corresponding industry risk is great.
The legal and policy environment, industry 7
The law and policy environment of an industry refers to whether the state preferential policies or restrictions on the industry, laws and regulations have a substantial impact on the business development is possible.
(two), analysis of customer management risk
Client business risk: including the enterprise scale and production capacity, the core competitiveness of enterprises, the diversification of products, sales channels and market demand analysis
1, the scale of operation
Business scale and management risk is inversely proportional to, the bigger the scale of operation, industry market size is greater, the business is also more stable. The scale is very small, very easy to be competitors out of the market. It needs to analyze the overall enterprise production scale, output, sales and enterprise asset size, market share and market position, the stages of development.
2, the core competitiveness of enterprises
The enterprise in the market performance and future owing on the loan in the final analysis is to determine the possibility of core competitive power owned by the enterprise. The so-called core competence, the ability to generalize that is enterprises to maintain sustainable competitive advantage in the market, can not be easily imitated by competitors, including enterprise development of unique products, unique technology and unique marketing methods. For Guarantee Corporation, a measure of the core competitiveness of enterprises should focus on the enterprise can not imitate and strategic, because once the enterprise to form a core competitiveness, will form the advantage in long time internal peer inside, so that the safety coefficient of these business loans increased. Specifically, metrics can be roughly divided into:
(1) the implementation of enterprise strategy. Mainly refers to the validity of enterprise's management strategy, customer strategy implementation, including customer image strategy strategy, resource strategy, organizational strategy, investment strategy, effect.
(2) the market share. Sales revenue (Sales) and the ratio of total sales in the same industry.
(3) the level of technology and equipment. Enterprise technology, equipment or facilities are advanced management.
(4) product substitutability. The possibility of other industries or other product substitution.
(5) the trade barrier. Others enter this industry needs capital, technology and policy barriers.
(6) the bargaining power. And the ability of the enterprise to downstream customers, price negotiation position.
(7) the financing ability. The financing capacity of enterprises in the capital market, currency market.
Analysis of 3, purchasing links
Negotiation ability stability, supplier structure analysis enterprise procurement of raw material supply chain, the rationality of a single vendor dependent, procurement policy as well as the purchase process.
Analysis of 4, production processes
Analysis of the production of enterprise products, including production equipment, production environment, industrial relations, the continuity of production. Forecast sales and actual production capacity to match, the production equipment and process technology, raw material supply to ensure the smooth completion of the sales contract.
Analysis of 5, enterprise sales
Analysis of enterprise's target market, marketing strategy and marketing ability, the quality of the marketing team and stability key. Stability, sales network of dependence on key customers and sales link control.
6, the market risk and its products
(1), regional sales, product market, sales target, the market share and the market's future trend.
(2), enterprise products in the market competition ability and market development ability and the analysis of the main competitors.
(3), the characteristics of enterprise products, product substitutability, the product life cycle, product brand awareness, product is in the scale of production or production, or in the trial or sample (machine) stage.
(4) for enterprises in the past sales record in history and future sales contract are analyzed, at the same time, the enterprise sales operation mode and settlement analysis.
7, the technical risk
Application technology source, guarantees the enterprise's core technology control ability, the ability to develop new products, technology and market advantages.
Especially in the high-tech enterprises, advanced technology and production process of the main customers and maturity, large-scale production of maturity and the maturity of the market.
(1), technical sources, whether to have independent intellectual property rights, judgment of the relative monopoly and its stability.
(2), the development potential of quality and enterprise technology R & D personnel. Quality and enterprise technology focuses on R & D personnel follow-up reserves development potential.
(3), business investment in scientific research, scientific research environment and technology needs of the market, market competitiveness and application.
Analysis of 8, development prospect
As mentioned before, the bank loans to enterprises is actually a kind of long-term benefits, which recover the loan principal and interest will be occurred in loans after a period of time, the risk is also from this and come. Therefore, the prospects for the development of enterprise to bank loans and long-term loans is very important especially. Specifically, the prospects for enterprise development can be divided into:
(1), to which the enterprise belongs cycle. Including the stages of development of the industry, the enterprise life cycle the main products of the enterprise development, and the life cycle.
(2) cases, policy support. If there is a policy of the central government and local government policy support.
(3), shareholder support. Shareholders strength and support.
(4), sales distribution channels. Have a valid and reliable distribution channels and logistics capability.
(three), analysis of customer risk management
The enterprise management process is fraught with risks, regardless of is in the guarantee, guarantee or collateral before, Guarantee corporation must pay close attention to the management level of enterprises, among which the most important is the core of leadership quality of the enterprise. Numerous cases tell us, an excellent leader organization is often a crucial moment in the reverse the trend, but on the other hand, an inappropriate leadership can also will be on the upgrade enterprise downfall. For the enterprise management level of evaluation can proceed from the following aspects:
1, the quality of leadership and experience
Including personal charisma, trustworthiness (whether taofeizhai behavior), professional qualifications, credit, innovation, leadership and the degree of stability.
2, the quality of staff
The degree of specialization, including staff training, stability.
3, the organization system
Including the property right of enterprise, legal person system is clear, the organization is perfect.
4, the decision mechanism
Enterprise management tenet is staff and social identity, decision-making, decision-making procedure is positive, effective etc..
5, personnel management
Including the appointment mechanism, reward and punishment system, training system.
6, financial management
The financial system is sound and reliable, whether the financial statements.

(four), analysis of customer repayment willingness
1, the bank loan credit record.
The performance of 2, suppliers and other creditors.
3, enterprises have no use mergers, bankruptcy, reorganization, transfer, contract, the discrete form of malicious taofeizhai record.
4, and the enterprise internal personnel exchanges have no regular default employee wages, welfare phenomenon.
Credit conditions, 5 shareholders, associated enterprises.
Risk of related transaction of enterprise and its affiliated enterprises to bring the loan guarantee fund. Investigators should first find out the related enterprises, and then determining whether its associated enterprises transaction for the transaction, finally see the business transactions of enterprise application security is good.
Survey of the sixth chapter, the guarantee project
Writing the report first quarter, guarantee project
A survey report, the requirements of
(a), seek truth from facts
(two), highlight
(three), reasonable structure
(four), accurate words
Two, the frame and content
(a), the basic information of the customer
1, customer profile
Customer property, registered address, basic account opening bank, the main business, run business, history, achieved industry legitimate business qualification conditions (such as the processing permits, pharmaceutical trading license).
2, customer equity structure and organization structure
The customer registration capital, paid in capital, the main investors, the actual amount of investment, accounting for the proportion of paid in capital. If the client is a group company, need to explain a wholly owned subsidiary, holding company, joint stock company, affiliated factory. As for the group members, the group company organization structure is described.
3, the quality of the managers
The quality of the operators, the legal representative and the main management personnel conduct, qualifications, experience, performance, cooperation and management ability.
4, the credibility of the situation
Customers in the bank credit rating, credit degree in production management.
(two), the status of business operation
1, the main products
2, production
3, the raw material Market
4, product market
5, the customer market competitiveness
6, the business prospects
(three), customer financial analysis
Analysis of 1, assets and liabilities
Analysis of 2, debt paying ability
3, the profit ability analysis
Analysis of 4, operating capacity
(four), borrowing reasons and feasibility
1, customer loans and loan demand is reasonable
2, analysis of customer application amount and Application
Analysis of 3, source of repayment and the repayment plan
(five), the counter guarantee and supervision measures
(six) the guarantee conditions and possible cooperation mode
(seven), risk analysis and preventive measures
1, risk analysis
(1), business risk analysis
(2), financial risk analysis
(3), market risk analysis
(4), major issues analysis
(5), association analysis of enterprise risk (group members)
(6), analysis of counter guarantee measures
The main risk counter guarantee of possible. Mainly includes the legal risk and liquidity risk, whether the counter guarantee way in accordance with the law, whether can be effective against the third person, effectively protect the interests of the guarantor. The existence of liquidation obstacle. Feasibility analysis of cash and recovery.
2, risk prevention measures
(1), guarantee security implementation, source, proportion
(2), its own funds, source, proportion, in place of
(3), other risk prevention measures
(six), the investigation conclusion
Security investigation is a complicated work, requested that the project manager must have the professional knowledge in finance, financial, legal, management etc.. In real life, not so complicated. But must point combined with information collected, to be comprehensive, the focus of the survey will highlight. Think of any place in doubt, must get to the bottom of, do not do things carelessly.