The prevention of traffic accidents

    Safety production management, is to comprehensively implement the requirement of Scientific Outlook on Development, is an urgent need for the construction of a harmonious society, is the basis for all levels of government and the production and business units do a good job in production. Safety production management has not only the rules and characteristics of general management, has its own special category and method. Road traffic safety management is a part of safety production management.

   Traffic accidents (that is, the road traffic accident) occurred, due to the relationship between vehicle - driver -- road traffic environment is not harmonious, resulting in unstable state. Therefore, the vehicle, the driver and road traffic environment is caused by the three basic factors of traffic accidents. The prevention of traffic accidents, to be against the three basic factors causing the accident, application of modern scientific and technical means, to take positive and effective prevention and comprehensive management measures, strengthen the people, vehicles, road, environment of each management, in order to reduce the traffic accident. Therefore, the focus of security must be based on prevention. Department leaders and safety professionals at all levels should focus, improve the prevention measures, to eliminate hidden dangers in the bud accident accident. This requires security department and other functional departments combined into a unified, timely and various factors that affect the safe driving behavior, multi angle, multi-level, multi means of prevention activities, and jointly safeguard the safe driving. The prevention of traffic accidents is a tough, flexible, regular and long-term work. Especially in the process of transition to a socialist market economy, the great changes have taken place in. The rapid development of economy and the increase of social economy, cultural exchanges, accident road more and more high frequencies, its harm is also growing, so the traffic accident prevention work is becoming more and more important. Especially in the new historical period, summarize the former experience, continue to explore effective ways and measures to prevent traffic accident prevention work, study and research the theory, is an important task in front of our safety management professionals.

   The prevention of traffic accidents, to a city, can be divided into the overall and local two different preventive jurisdiction. The so-called overall, refers to the prevention and control of road traffic accidents in the city, was carried out by the traffic administrative department of the local municipal; refers to the internal prevention and management of car unit. The former is the authority, the latter for the management mechanism. Various regulations set by the two different prevention measures range and are interconnected, interdependent.

   The prevention of traffic accidents I've talked about today is mainly related to the content of city public transport, is the local scope.

The first section traffic accident prevention theory

   "Safety first, prevention first, strict management, implement the plan" is a successful work experience summed up in the bus line workers and professionals, and has become the guiding principle of traffic safety management. In this direction, the majority of security professionals to learn, study and explore the safety management theory, method and measure, the initial formation of the theoretical system of safety management, safety management in practice, play an important role in guiding.

   "Safety production law" in summing up the experience of safety management in China, the "safety first, prevention first" as the basic principle of the provisions of safety production in china.

   "Safety first, prevention first", is in production and business activities, in the processing of the relationship between safety production and business activities, we must always put safety in the first place, priority is given to employees and other personnel safety, implementation of the "safety first" principle. In the premise of ensuring safety, other efforts to achieve the production target.

    "Prevention first", is in accordance with the systematic, scientific management ideas, in accordance with the law and characteristics of the accident, make every attempt to prevent the occurrence of accidents, to nip in the bud, the accident nipped in the bud. Although the human in production activities also cannot completely eliminate accidents, but as long as the awareness, prevention measures properly, accidents can be greatly reduced.

A, prevent the formation and development of thought

    China is a country with an ancient civilization thousands of years of splendid culture history, to the progress of human civilization and has made great contribution to. Among them, the city road traffic "Chi road system" in the pre Qin period established, compared with the same period in the world on the management of road traffic sign stone Rome, not only time, but also more complete. Similarly, in the origin and formation of the road traffic accident and disaster prevention thought, China is one of the earliest countries.

   "Something improper solid contention, anti disaster in the bud", is available the earliest prevention thought that. It means something improper should strive to avoid, in order to prevent the disaster occurred. Before that accident or disaster, should be to prevent and stop, so as not to cause harm to the society. Later in the "Shen Jian miscellaneous" and further elaborates the development of the prevention thought, "said his three operation: one, anti; two, save three, ring. The first bud called anti; people and check that saved; and responsibility that the ring. Prevention is, save time, quit for the next." Effect: accident or disaster prevention in one of three ways, the first is to prevent; second is to remedy the third discipline. Prevention refers to the accident or disaster occurs, should take immediate measures, to prevent further expand or accident punishment is repeated; after the accident or disaster, must be punished. Among them, the best way is to prevent, followed by recovery, and finally the punishment. It should be said, China in this period not only have to understand the "prevention first" principle, and through the "Jin Zhongsan said" have been set up to prevent the prototype theory system with the characteristics of the. The preventive thought not only for the prevention and suppression of accidents and disasters have played an important role, but also in the high-speed economic development, road traffic modernization today, the prevention of traffic accidents which are of positive significance.

   Human society due to the advent of the automobile and continuous development, not only greatly satisfy the need of human production, life and travel, but also accelerate the social economy and material civilization development pace. However, the same thing has the dual character, the transportation to bring the gospel to human beings at the same time, also bring the traffic accident. The disaster of road traffic accident spread, and almost as fast as the development of automobile industry, to become a very difficult problem all developed and developing countries must pay attention to and solve.

   The last century, the whole world 25850000 people killed in traffic accidents, more than the number of the first World War! The last century produced a total of 2235000000 vehicles, per vehicle claimed at least 1.2 lives. As a French expert says, the car is not only an important means of transport, but also a tool to kill.

    The number of deaths in humans has the traffic accident death rate. 6000000000 of the world population every year 52000000 people died, 500000 of them died in traffic accidents, accounting for 1% of total deaths, the cause of the death toll of tenth, 90000 people were killed in traffic accidents each year the percentage of Chinese, the death toll to 1.5%, ranked the seventh cause of death.

   Relation between traffic accidents and economic development. Every country traffic growth and decline, the development coefficient and the national economy has a value. The development of the national economy to a certain number, traffic accidents will inevitably rise; the development of the national economy to a certain number of traffic accidents will decline. In general, the development speed of the national economy, traffic accidents have decreased, and vice versa. The rapid development of USA 50's to 70's economy, traffic accidents increased sharply. The critical point of traffic accidents increases with the decrease of the national economic development factor in about 9%. Economic development coefficient is lower than 5%, traffic accidents have decreased; economic development coefficient is higher than 5%, the increase of traffic accidents. Speed of development of our national economy in recent years has been maintained at around 9% -- 10%, traffic accident in China rising is normal.

   The traffic accident death rate. Traffic accident mortality refers to deaths in traffic accidents and traffic accident death toll ratio. In developed countries, traffic accident death rate is much lower than in china. Such as Japan and the death rate was 0.9%, USA mortality rate was 1.3%, the death rate was 27.3%. The key problem of death rate is the first aid, Tokyo 100% traffic accident can be timely and effective emergency, therefore, Tokyo's traffic accident death rate is only 0.7%. The traffic accident death within 30 minutes of the 85%, this means getting emergency timely and effective to save most of the life in 30 minutes. The number of China's annual died in a traffic accident is 90000, if the emergency is timely and effective, may 60000 fewer deaths.

The main responsibility of the traffic accident statistics. According to the disclosure of information, traffic accidents in China is high, the number of traffic fatalities are listed first in the world, in Chinese, traffic accident every three dead, two people because of illegal driving, there are two major illegal reason, one is overweight, overload, overtaking, two is drunk driving. In the cause of death due to violation of the driver, 16 to 40 year olds accounted for 1/2, is the main driver of more than three years.

The statistics of the traffic accident the injured party. In Chinese, traffic accident killed four people in every three traffic is weak, the mortality of 13.4% drivers, pedestrians and cyclists who accounted for 45% of the number of deaths. In developed countries, the traffic accident deaths is the main driver, France 63.5%, Germany 61.4%, America accounted for 52.4%.

   The traffic accident prone area. From the road situation, in traffic accidents in China every 5 dead, 4 died in the suburbs, each die 3 people 2 people died in the high grade highway, highway 60000 people die per year, accounting for 67% of the number of deaths. In addition, the traffic accidents in China every death 8 people 7 people died on the road, and each death in developed countries, 2 people have 1 dead in the road. Most accident prone intersections is a fork in the road, the accident rate is 11.4 times the four fork in the road. From 1993 to 1998 five years, 23913 people died in the fork in the road traffic accident, 6497 more than four crossroads.

   Frequent traffic accidents. Traffic accidents in China mainly occurred in the second half of the year. The accident rate is the lowest in March, the highest in November. Specific to a week, time is the most serious accident week is Monday, most of the time is Tuesday, at least day is Thursday. While in a foreign country, the highest accident rate is the most serious, Sunday to Saturday.

   Because the road traffic accident is sudden, widespread, frequent natural and social characteristics such as, (four characteristics: show the A burst of road traffic accident. For each unit and individual, traffic accidents are sudden, make the person be caught off guard, disrupted the normal order of work and life. The serious harm caused by accidents, often make the parties and their families by unbearable blow. B wide. Each traffic accident, endanger the 5 -- 10 families. According to the Beijing municipal public security traffic management department statistics, traffic accidents every year to spread to Beijing nearly 1/4 of the family. C social. Traffic accident victims without class, age, occupation, gender and other factors limit. It threatens to every bit of traffic participants. The frequency of D. From the statistics point of view, each occupation driver, the average daily handle hundreds of times a dangerous situation, and every 1500000 times of danger, is bound to occur with greater traffic accident) Due to traffic accident harm and loss to the country and people's life and property, so caused governments on traffic behavior and way and pay attention to, generally carried out research on road traffic accident prevention countermeasures. The American, Japan as the automobile industry developed countries, at the same time it is the most serious road traffic accidents and disasters afflicting the country, the earliest study of road traffic accident prevention theory, the emergence of the "special prevention theory" and "general prevention theory".

   The so-called "special prevention theory", refers to the members of the traffic accident penalty, or apply strict punishment for violation of traffic regulations of the parties, to punish it for me again and again to prevent the illegal purpose.

   "Special prevention theory", mainly due to the historical condition at that time, influence of bourgeois criminological classical "with crime, penalty" and "the crime punishment adapts" thought. The characteristics of special Prevention says, is to prevent the attention on the behavior itself, while ignoring the personal characteristics, the social environmental factors, as well as the causes of traffic or traffic accidents. The punishment is seen as the major objective and the only means of prevention, that can only be achieved through legal intimidation effect.

The so-called "general prevention theory", refers to the violation of law or traffic accident personnel to give appropriate punishment or penalty, and the education and warning that may violate traffic laws and traffic accident personnel, so that they dare not defy the law, to the people and other people to prevent illegal or traffic accident to.

   "General prevention theory" denial of the classical school of "free will" point of view, to study the individual characteristics by the research focusing on the behavior, then eclectically mixed into the multi factor environment factors and social theory. However, due to the "General Prevention said" too much for interactions between the factors, which leads to mistakenly believe that the inherent characteristics of the traffic accident is the comprehensive reflection of all the external conditions, so the "general prevention theory" is weak and feeble, and provide a theoretical basis for the accidents will happen on.

   In fact, whether it is "special prevention theory" or "general prevention theory", is based on this understanding, the road traffic accident is an eternal phenomenon, is inevitable. This is the main theme to road traffic accidents, which exposed the limitation of these two kinds of prevention theory and weak.

Although China is a developing country road traffic is not well developed, but the development is rapid in the aspect of prevention theory of road traffic accidents, especially with the process of reform and opening up, the socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization construction achieved fruitful results, people know to prevent traffic accidents have new development, manifested in the following aspects:

(1) the traffic accident is a destruction of social order, to people's life and property is extremely unfavorable, but also detrimental to social stability, according to Marx's fundamental principles of epistemology, everything has its own laws, traffic accident is not exceptional also, through practice, understanding, will eventually be recognized understanding of the law, the law, use, effective prevention, traffic accidents can reduce and avoid.

(2) under the socialist system, the consistency of the fundamental interests of the masses, will rely on the masses, full participation, mutual supervision, comprehensive management, the fundamental task of multi-level, multi angle to the prevention and control of road traffic accident, the possibility to the reality.

(3) under the condition of socialism, the task for prevention and control of road traffic accidents is implemented, mainly in the following five aspects condition.

 The improvement of the socialist system, will continue to meet the people's growing material and cultural needs. The social material life and spiritual life greatly enriched, the society will stability, harmony and development, will fundamentally reduce condition and the root cause of traffic accident, provide powerful material for the prevention of road traffic accidents.

 To further strengthen the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, the people's legal consciousness and consciously safeguard the social order of traffic consciousness constantly improve, based on satisfying the common interests, the need for consistency with the national interests of personal material interests of the people.

 To further accelerate the pace of the construction of socialist material civilization, promote the progress of science and technology, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, science and technology more advanced services to social production. Through the use of advanced technology, for the management of road traffic accident to create material conditions.

 To seek to establish reasonable preventive system, social participation, comprehensive supervision, comprehensive management; to establish and perfect the traffic behavior norms and standards, and through the improvement, the conscious habits traffic behavior norms and standards into people's social life.

 Try to build a modern traffic management system Chinese characteristic socialism, ideological construction of the theoretical system of traffic accident prevention, comprehensive management practice with the scientific theory to guide the road traffic accident, the prevention work continuously along the scientific road.

   For a long time, the city public transportation enterprise theory workers and traffic safety management staff efforts, on the basis of practice, and actively explore the prevention countermeasures of traffic accidents, establishing the theoretical system to prevent traffic accidents basically. The majority of security professionals under the guidance of this theory, work hard in the city public traffic safety management. Adding in the vehicle road condition, has further strained, the conditions under which the traffic order to further deterioration of the accident went to good results.

Two, the prevention of Ideological and theoretical system and its performance

   City traffic management is a multidisciplinary and comprehensive science, and prevention of traffic accidents, is the concrete application of this science in safety management. Practice prevention, inoculation and enrich the theory system of prevention. The majority of security professionals in the practice of prevention work, created a lot of fresh experience fruitful and effective measures, measures, and played a positive role in the prevention, rich content, to provide the objective basis and abundant materials for prevention theory generation. Theory comes from practice, no practice experience of traffic accident prevention work, it is not possible to generate theoretical system of prevention.

   At present, the prevention of traffic accidents work theory is still in the initial stage, especially in the process of establishing a market economic system, the great changes have taken place, but the traffic safety management work in some aspects still followed the practices of the past, a lot of experience driving accident prevention work has yet to be further deepened into theory. So in front of safety management professionals, are in accordance with practice, cognition, practice and understanding, move in circles spiral and infinite the Marx's understanding of the principles of science and scientific methodology, to explore a new method of traffic safety management under the conditions of market economy. To prevent traffic accidents work under the new situation of practical experience, summarize unceasingly deepening, step by step to form the theoretical system of prevention work more perfect.

   Because of traffic accident prevention work involves many aspects, many departments, many discipline knowledge, therefore, the theoretical system of traffic accident prevention is very wide, including many basic knowledge, practical knowledge, professional and technical knowledge as well as the Chinese and foreign about prevention knowledge. In a word, which can be applied to accident prevention of scientific knowledge and methods, should be combined with the application, so as to enrich the theory of accident prevention, to better guide the traffic safety management practice. For example, the introduction of system theory, control theory, application of scientific knowledge in the prevention work in the information. Although the "three" is a new method of discipline, but certain principles, principles of them can be directly applied to the prevention of work, make the prevention work more scientific. As the application of system theory to the prevention work, can help us to correctly handle between departments, between the parts and the whole system, the relationship between the various departments, mutual connection, form a unified whole, make the prevention work has made the integrity and the optimal effect. The application of information theory to the prevention work, can help us to timely, accurately grasp the situation, trends of safe driving, in order to make the right decisions and arrangements, effectively carry out various activities, give full play to the professional features, thus to achieve the best treatment effect. The application of control theory to the prevention work, according to the development and change of the security situation, the driver management, enhance driving safety control function, expand the control surface, to effectively prevent, reduce and prevent traffic accidents.

   In addition, other related disciplines such as social psychology, law, medicine, traffic, road engineering, behavior science, should be introduced, in order to enrich the prevention theory, so as to form a system. The bus company has always put safety in the first place, this is determined by the nature of the enterprise. In the security management after many years of exploration, gradually from the passive management to active management transformation. The so-called passive management is mainly to deal with the accident, active management is based on accident prevention; the former is the accident is unavoidable theory as its ideological basis, while the latter think the accident is regular, can be prevented, and takes it as the basis of thought. With the passage of time and the practice of safety work, active management has become the principal function of traffic safety work, and adhere to the guidelines on prevention, and gradually formed a more perfect theoretical system and prevention. In the prevention of long-term working practice, guidelines guidelines for the safety professionals in prevention, combining the characteristics of city public transport operators, using the scientific theory of knowledge, constantly sum up experience, conducted very fruitful prevention work, create a lot of good measures, methods, summed up the prevention, protection of persuation prevention, control of the prevention and punishment of prevention, prevention.

1, precautionary

   The so-called protective prevention, which is based on the relevant regulations of the state, enterprises to the rules and regulations of the form, to provide a good working and living environment for the driver, maximize the protection and arouse the enthusiasm of safe driving. With the development of economy, people's living standards improve, the increasing material and cultural needs of the people and the spiritual life needs. To meet the spiritual and cultural needs of the people, enrich the amateur cultural life, will make the knowledge, skills, character of their normal development. Public transportation enterprises in recent years, making efforts to construct the enterprise culture, to create a good working and living environment for staff and workers. In the basic unit, generally built lounge, office of the home of workers, the purchase of cultural and recreational facilities, to carry out occupation training, learning, make the worker's spiritual needs are met and protection. These cultural entertainment, sports activities, for the majority of the staff knowledge, edify disposition, enhance physical fitness, promote the development of physical and mental health, enhance the consciousness of the collective sense of honor and safe driving, produced a great role in promoting. Therefore, protection is positive prevention.

2, persuasive prevention

   Persuasive prevention mainly refers to give full play to the role of restriction system, administrative, ideas, measures, timely find and remove the factors that may induce and cause traffic accidents, to maximize the elimination of traffic accidents. In the practice of prevention work, timely find various aspects not conducive to driving safety barriers, whether it is for management system, or in the process of operation, should take active measures, timely dredge.

3, restrictive prevention

   Restrictive prevention is based on the causes and conditions of the accident, to make some restriction, for some driving behavior is prohibited or restricted, to suppress the traffic accident. For example, explicitly stipulated in the traffic regulations, the prohibition against drunken driving. Bus companies running discipline regulations, driving to concentrate, do not drive the conversation, transfer line of sight. Due to the particularity of driving behavior in life, these seemingly trivial behavior, in the driving work if not restricted, often lead to disaster, therefore, to be restricted from the relevant laws and regulations and internal, to eliminate hidden dangers of accidents.

4, control prevention

   Control prevention is to have the serious illegal acts, at the edge of the accident, to take control measures, or have serious emotional driver, in order to prevent the loss of self-control and the occurrence of traffic accidents, and promote the transformation, in order to control the possible accidents, is a necessary means of prevention in the.

5, punitive prevention

   Punitive prevention is in accordance with the relevant provisions of national and enterprise management model of accident, given the perpetrators to treatment and punishment necessary. To punish the culprits and at the same time, a metaphor or a warning to others, to cause an accident of the atmosphere and environment. Give priority to prevention, treatment and punishment will not, for a traffic accident personnel legal, administrative, economic treatment or punishment, is absolutely necessary. If there is no treatment and punishment necessary, laws and regulations will be lost its seriousness and deterrent role and become weak and feeble, can make some people produce a kind of illusion, seem to happen traffic accidents have no what, anyway, is the enterprise to deal with and bear the economic loss, so that some luck or not convinced psychology the driver, illegal, or even serious traffic accidents. So, based on the premise of prevention, use the appropriate punishment, can play both education himself, also teach preventive effect.

   Accidents have many aspects, prevention must also be considered in many aspects, especially the establishment of market economy system, the new change of the city traffic, new features, as the city transportation public transportation enterprises, safety management activities, must also be integrated with education, legal administration, economic, means, multi-level, multi angle to carry out prevention work, the full, traffic accident prevention work by a single professional departments into the mutual cooperation of various departments the full range, the whole process of enterprise management behavior, so that the traffic accident prevention work better under the guidance of scientific theory, continuously from the inevitable kingdom to free kingdom, to meet the social requirements of city public traffic safety.

To sum up, the theoretical system of traffic accident prevention, to sum up, can be described as: ① accident prevention to materialism epistemology as the theory instruction. The traffic accident is regular, can be prevented, to unremittingly exploration and Study on accident formation rule, protection, guidance, limit, control and punishment means of prevention, strengthen scientific management, establish and improve the safe driving accident prevention measures and strengthen the education of people-oriented, improve cadre team drivers and security quality, enhance driving safety, accident prevention consciousness and self-control. ③ should put safety first, prevention first, strict management, active working mode and firmly implement the overall throughout the traffic safety management.

Three, strengthen scientific management, establish and improve the prevention of accident conditions

   Road traffic is a complex dynamic system composed of human, vehicle, road and environment control elements. Traffic accident is the elements of road traffic from benign combination in certain time range caused by. The reason can be seen from the road conditions, the vehicle safety performance, and safety control ability of drivers, traffic safety awareness and safety management level, explore. Therefore, on the basis of safe driving rules, combined with the characteristics of practice and safety management of city public transport operators, to explore the laws of traffic accidents, understand and use these rules, and actively carry out the prevention education running on safety, improve self-control driver safety, establish and perfect the system of safety management, is to strengthen the safety management, the prevention of traffic accidents, ensure the important task of traffic safety.

   What traffic accidents have no rules to follow, in the long-term safety management practice, people had never awareness, never consciously to consciously development. Treatment of traffic accident, some comrades that are random accidental, not what rules. However, the basic principle of the materialist philosophy tells us, the objective things is regular. Traffic accidents are due to human, vehicle, road in the time and space caused by the lack of coordination, all kinds of every traffic accident factors are interrelated, traffic accident from the microscopic point of view, is accidental, random, but from the factors causing the accident analysis, contingency and necessity sex, so is regular, can know, understanding of the law, the law is an important basis for the prevention of traffic accidents.

1, methods of traffic accidents occurred in regular

   Rules can be found and can be used, so is the traffic accident rule. Only accurately discover and reveal the law of traffic accidents, and take effective measures, in order to seize the initiative in the prevention of traffic accidents. Prevention efforts can be targeted, can have the traffic accident may be reduced to a minimum, in the practice of prevention, methods of analysis, looking for traffic accident law mainly include:

(1) a traffic accident records. Looking for traffic accident occurrence regularity, cannot do without analyzing traffic accident records, so the establishment of traffic accident statistics and detailed analysis of the cause of the accident, is the basic work for traffic accident law, traffic accident for the units, detailed records. A comprehensive, objective record of every accident of time, place, climate, traffic condition, both sides of the vehicle, the driver driving experience, illegal or driver's physiological, psychological change, accident evolution process and the moment is such, in order to facilitate the analysis of traffic accident rule.

(2) for statistical data. The original statistical data, by accident data be large number, variety, if not effective packet according to its internal relations, it is difficult to grasp the general characteristics, accurately reveal the traffic accident law. Statistical data packet traffic accidents, according to the analysis, statistics will have to follow certain principle, belong to the same nature together, the different nature of the spread, the causes of traffic accidents correctly reflected, so as to further the use of statistics to find out the laws of the accident.

Packet traffic accident data must pay attention to its rationality, targeted and comprehensive. According to the time, place, climate, road, driver type, accident type, object to distinguish. This requires specific analysis of specific issues, the distinction, scientific and reasonable grouping.

Methods to analyze and determine the 2, traffic accident law

(1) using the coordinates to find the traffic accident rule. This method is on graph paper to draw coordinate to the analysis of traffic accident. This method usually serve the quantity analysis, rarely used for analysis. It can clearly reflect the peak value in different time period of traffic accidents. Accident statistics are commonly used:

The trend graph. The line chart. The visual display trends in the occurrence of casualty accident.

The bar chart. Comparison of casualty accident index can reflect the different classification project caused.

The pie chart. Proportion chart can reflect the image of the percentage of different classification project.

(2) using circular diagram for traffic accident law. This approach is based on the analysis of its accounts according to the proportion of the total number of traffic accidents, painting the sector central angle in a circle, said the cause of the accident in different proportions. This method, used to analyze the cause of the accident, so as to determine the focus of prevention work. The circular map is a circle of 100%, half a circle into 50%, according to the different causes of the proportion of representation.

The general law of 3, the occurrence of traffic accidents

   In the practice of long-term prevention work, the majority of security professionals according to traffic accident data analysis, reveals the general regularity of traffic accident are the following:

(1) the driver accident irritable high incidence. The general feelings fiery volatile, open "hero car, car, car adventure" angry, where the phenomenon is more prominent. According to China transportation Yearbook, 750 driver's mental character investigation test analysis, of which 50% belong to the impatient type. Therefore, in the prevention work, special attention must be paid to poor self-control driver, formulate corresponding measures and method of education, regulate their behavior, to cultivate their good character.

(2) more than 3 -- 6 years of pilot high accident rate. According to Chinese Transportation Association statistics on traffic accidents in China over the years shows, age 3 - 6 years of drivers for renovation of traffic accidents 52.4%. The driver to drive age 3 -- 6 years the highest accident rate. This is because just began to drive, because the unskilled driving experience, driving less, tend to be more circumspect, speed not too fast. The vehicle is also more serious, low accident rates. But after 2 years of practice, a relatively skilled, more daring, self reliant young fast reaction, since that car drives well, started Meng, throttle, speed is high, make nothing of driving, illegal will increase. Therefore in the prevention work, especially to strengthen the strict administration of driving age 3 -- 6 years of driver, to carry out regular inspections of tracking.

(3) the accident with the emotions and thoughts of the high incidence of. The driver mood swings, will directly lead to lack of concentration and operation errors, allowing the possibility of greatly increased. General self adjustment ability is poor pilot, prone to mood swings. The driver age, driving age and the environment is different, the cause of the mood fluctuation is different, for example: romance, a family not harmonious, friction or misunderstanding and other unpleasant things under the leadership of the criticism, comrades. Therefore, we must pay attention to the spirit is full, the emotional fluctuations, found that emotional changes greatly, to timely find out the crux of the problem, according to the actual situation, in a targeted manner to do ideological work, help them solve practical problems encountered, allows the driver to work.

(4) road conditions are good high accident rate. Traffic accident blackspots, often in the wide straight road, the sight and sound of sections, and not many people, cars and more complex road, narrow. The main reason is moving in a complex and dangerous section, the objective conditions are not conducive to the safe can be cautious approach is overcome, and in plain areas, a wide field of vision, traffic conditions are good, the driver is often easy to paralysis, relax vigilance and increase the speed of pedestrians crossing the road, suddenly a bicycle or fierce turn, to enable the driver to be taken by surprise by accident. Therefore, in the wide straight road, the sight and sound of road conditions, also want to moderate speed, concentration, notice the sudden situation, at any time to take emergency measures to the ideological preparation.

By 4, traffic accident law

   Looking for traffic accident regularity of objective, is to use the guide to the actual work, more targeted to prevent traffic accidents. The traffic accident rules, should be closely combined with the actual situation of the unit, targeted to take corresponding measures, focusing on. For example, a unit of the traffic situation is more, traffic accidents induced also is bound to increase, therefore, efforts should be made to strengthen the work of propaganda and education, so that the driver is fully aware of the harm of illegal. Illegal not necessarily the accident, but traffic accidents inevitably have the existence of violations. Where is the precursor, the result is illegal. In real life, the driver's violation has universality, recurrent and utilitarian. This is because the road traffic conditions and the citizen law consciousness specific China limited. The basic quality of the driver is not high, the reason the construction of legal system is not perfect, education and punishment is not enough, cause the violation phenomenon is universal; because of their bad habits, or lucky psychology, psychological and other potential consciousness, the driver's violation and its recurrent; because of the blind pursuit of economic interests, violate traffic laws, speeding, fatigue driving, and even affect the traffic safety, performance for the utility of traffic violations. Because of these features with the traffic violation phenomenon, causing traffic accidents become more and more serious, because the traffic induced accidents more serious. According to statistics, due to traffic accidents accounted for about 75% of the total number of accidents.

According to the characteristics and the harm of traffic violations, should be strengthened for constant propaganda and education on the driver, the effective control of the illegal phenomenon, the necessary punishment on illegal serious driver, in order to ensure the effect of education.

Law to discuss and search traffic accidents, to strengthen education, reduce traffic, reduce traffic accidents, make traffic accident prevention work, plays an important role in.

(1) through the discussion and looking for traffic accident rule, can master the road conditions and traffic accidents, the accident prone Road, and take the corresponding measures, reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.

(2) through the discussion and find the staff rules, can accurately grasp the focus of traffic safety management and publicity and education, and develop the driver training.

(3) through the discussion and looking for traffic accident time, can control the traffic accident prone season, so as to strengthen the monitoring of this period.

(4) through the discussion and finding the causes of traffic accidents can be clear rules, driving the focus of safety management, develop targeted management measures.

(5) through the discussion and find the accident the unit rule, objectively, comprehensively evaluated unit safety management situation, put forward the improvement measures.

(6) through the discussion and find the accident factors of law, can promote the Preventive Countermeasures of traffic accident, implement comprehensive administration.

In the traffic accident prevention and accident law, should also take into account the traffic accident law itself also will develop and change with the objective situation of development and change, so the prevention of traffic accidents should also be timely to adapt to this change, only in this way, we can more effectively to the traffic safety accident prevention management.

The second section safety management theory and principle

  Train operation safety management as part of the management, follow the universal law of management, not only to the basic principles of management, has its special principles.

  Safety management principle is starting from the operation and management of the common, traffic safety management rules of substantive contents of safety management in scientific analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization of the.

  Safe driving principle refers to the basic operation principle, general rules to guide safety activities.

One, the system principle

1, the system of the meaning of principle

   The system principle is a basic principle of modern management science. It refers to people engaged in the management work, using the system theory, the viewpoint and the method, carries on the analysis on the full system management flow, to achieve the optimization of target management, that is using the system theory, the theory and method to recognize and deal with the problems in the management of.

   The so-called system is determined by the interaction and interdependent parts of an organic whole. Any managed object can be used as a system. The system can be divided into several subsystems, subsystems can be divided into a number of elements, namely the system be constituted by main factor. According to the view of system, management system has 6 characteristics, namely the collection, correlation, purpose, integrity, hierarchy and adaptability.

Safety management system is a subsystem of operation and management, including security management personnel at all levels, the safety management regulations, driving operation regulations and safety management information etc.. Safety throughout all aspects of the operation, safety management is an all-round, all-weather, and relates to all personnel management.

2, using the theory of system principle

(1) the dynamic relativity principle. Dynamic relativity principle tells us, the elements of management system is the movement and development, their mutual connection and interaction. Obviously, if the various elements of the management system are static, there wouldn't have been an accident.

(2) the entire division principle. Modern safety management performance must be a clear division of labor in the overall planning, comprehensive and effective based on division of labor, this is the whole points and principle. Application of the principle of enterprise management, macro decision in the formulation of the overall goals and, must be included in the consideration of security, funds, personnel and system, must be the driving safety as an important content of consider.

(3) the feedback principle. Feedback is the reaction to the control mechanism of the control process. The successful, effective management, cannot do without feedback flexible, accurate and fast. Enterprise production conditions are constantly changing, so must be timely capture, feedback on various safety information, in order to take timely preventive measures.

(4) closed principle. In the interior of any management system, management method, management process must form a continuous closed loop, to form an effective management activities, which is closed principle. Closed principle tells us, in the road management enterprise security, the management mechanism, between various management systems and methods, must have close contact, forming mutual restriction circuit, to be effective.

Two, the principle of Humanism

1, the principle of meaning

   In the management must take the human factor in the first place, reflects the guiding ideology of people-oriented, this is the principle of humanism. People have two meanings: one is the management activities are all people-oriented development, man is not only the main body of management, is also the object of management, everyone in a certain management level, leaving people without management; two is the management activities, as the management object and management system, is need people in charge, operation, promotion and implementation.

2, using the principle of

(1) the dynamic principle. The basic power to promote the management activities of the people, the power management must be able to inspire people's ability to work, this is the principle of power. The management system, there are 3 kinds of power, namely power, the power of the spirit and the material information power.

(2) energy principle. The modern management thought, units and individuals have a certain amount of energy, and can be arranged according to the energy order of size, management level, as the atomic energy levels of the electron. In the management system, establish a reasonable level, according to the units and individuals to the size of the energy work, play different energy, ensure the effective stability and management structure, which is the principle of energy levels.

(3) the incentive principle. Management incentive is the use of an external incentive, mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of people. With scientific methods, internal potential to stimulate people's, make it give full play to the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, this is the incentive principle. Pressure and attraction of working power source of power, external internal.

Three, the principle of prevention

1, to prevent the meaning of principle

    Safety management should be prevention, through the management and effective technical means, unsafe state reduces and prevents the unsafe acts of people and material, this is to prevent the principle. In an accident situation, take measures beforehand, prevent accidents.

2, applying the precautionary principle

(1) accidental loss principle. The severity of the accident consequences and consequences, are random, unpredictable. The repeated occurrence of similar accident, does not necessarily produce the same result, which is the chance of accident loss. Accidental loss principle tells us, no matter the size of the accident loss, must complete the prevention work.

(2) the principle of causality. The accident is the end result of many factors of reciprocal causation occur continuously, as long as there are factors inducing the accident, the accident is inevitable, only the time sooner or later, this is the principle of causality.

(3) the 3E principle. Causes of insecurity state caused by unsafe acts of people and material can be attributed to 4 aspects, for technical reasons, bodies and attitudes and management reasons. For these 4 reasons, can adopt 3 kinds of countermeasures, namely the engineering countermeasures, countermeasures and legal countermeasures, namely the so-called 3E principle.

(4) the inherent safety principle. The inherent safety principle refers to the security implementation from the beginning and in essence, eliminating the possibility of accident occurrence fundamentally, so as to achieve the purpose of prevention of accidents. The inherent safety principle can be applied not only to the equipment, facilities, can also be used in construction project.

Four, the compulsory principle

1, forced the meaning of principle

   Take control of mandatory management means the willingness and behavior, the individual activities, behavior subject to requirements of safety management constraints, so as to realize safety management effectively, which is compulsory principle. The constraint is an absolute obedience, not only managers can agree to take control action.

2, the use of mandatory principle

(1) the safety first principle. Safety first is the requirements of operation organization of production process in the first place of safety work in all the work of the. If there is a conflict between the operations and other work and safety, to safety, operations and other work to be subject to security, this is the safety first principle.

(2) the supervision principle. The principle of supervision refers to the traffic safety, in order to make the traffic safety laws and regulations have been implemented, must set up the traffic safety supervision department, to supervise the safety of compliance and enforcement.

The third section traffic safety analysis method

   Analysis of traffic safety is to use the principles and methods of system engineering, the system of road traffic safety problems in the quantitative and qualitative analysis, evaluation, prediction, and adopts the comprehensive security measures to control, reduce the likelihood of the road traffic system to produce traffic accident to a minimum, so as to achieve the best technology and method of system security state.

Safety analysis mainly 3 aspects.

(1) the system safety analysis. The system safety analysis plays an important role in traffic safety engineering. A qualitative or quantitative analysis of causes of traffic accidents, the probability and various risks performance, can fully identify the system safety and danger. Its purpose is: to find the factors causing the accidents and different combination forms; grasp the road traffic system security weakness in various ways; seek to prevent accidents; and provide the basis for safety and security management.

(2) the system safety assessment. Based on system safety analysis, by accident index, risk index and risk index, the comparison and evaluation of traffic safety management, the overall safety of road traffic system of the weak links. According to the evaluation results can be chosen to ensure the system security technology and investment direction, draw up security countermeasures.

(3) the system safety management. After the system safety analysis and evaluation, based on the understanding of the weak links of safety system, safety management staff, implementation of the system, the whole process of all-round, including general safety management, security key management and security event management. Compared with the main experience of safety management, safety management system in a comprehensive, dynamic and quantitative management has taken a major step forward, more foresight and its preventive measures, is more significant.

One, safety checklist analysis

   Safety check list is a commonly used method in the analysis of system safety analysis. The basic task is to find and identify all the dangers and risks of the system, supervise the implementation of the standards, safety regulations, system, stop illegal behavior, accident prevention, elimination of danger, security. In order to make safety inspection work correctly, timely find and solve problems, need a method for inspection according to the system engineering thought. Safety check list is compiled for this purpose. Practice shows that, the safety check list is an important means for the system security checks to prevent accidents, improve working conditions.

1, the meaning of the safety check list

   Safety check list for the system to find the unsafe factors of the system prepared in advance of the list of issues. It according to the system engineering analysis and comprehensive principle, prior to the inspection object to analyze, the system is divided into several subsystems small, then determine the inspection basis, found unsafe factor, in a positive way questions, will check the basis according to the order of system or subsystem into a table, in order to check and avoid leakage inspection, this table is called the safety check list.

Check the safety check list is not based on a running account, listing not all problems, but through analysis, screening, simplified, can discover a problem, find the problem of tool. It is targeted, practical, useful for safety analysis system, which has been widely applied.

2, safety check table of contents and requirements

(1) the safety check list items and requirements. The safety check list check items, should list all the possible causes of accidents or state. The requirements listed in examination system, comprehensive, complete, check the project more comprehensive, check the place out more thoroughly, the unsafe hidden danger for the less, the greater the reliability of safety.

(2) the safety check table using. Safety check list generally use the positive way questions, to ask questions and to clear, clear answer, "yes" or "no" answer. "Is" to meet the requirements; "no" said there are still problems, needs further improvement. So, after each question behind can be set corrective action bar, rectification measures briefly fill in this column. Each check list are required to indicate the inspection time, inspection, the person directly responsible, in order to distinguish responsibility.

(3) the inspection basis. In order to have a basis to question, can collect the standard rules or norms relevant to this problem are briefly listed, their names and the chapters, attached to the back of each question, in order to check the.

3, the safety check list format

   The safety check list format is decided by its nature, it is in the form of Q & A, generally composed of two parts; the first part indicate the name the safety check list and track system (unit name, type, date of inspection, inspection) etc.. The second part is the sequence number, check the project (i.e., check the contents, requirements by number), inspection results, part of the rectification measures.

The preparation methods and steps of 4, the safety check list

Get familiar with the object being inspected and has the practical experience of the staff, with three methods (workers, engineering and technical personnel, management personnel) form a group, according to the specific circumstances of people, objects, environment, based on past experience and relevant statistical data, in accordance with the rules, regulations and other requirements, prepare the safety check list.

   The steps of preparing the safety check list as follows:

(1) determine the object being inspected, organize relevant personnel;

(2) familiar with system analysis;

(3) the investigation of unsafe factors;

(4) collection associated with the system specification, standard, system etc.;

(5) safety requirements specified in the;

(6) the specific circumstances and requirements to determine the preparation method, prepare the safety check list;

(7) continuously revised through repeated use,, complement.

5 advantages, the safety check list

(1) to have sufficient time to prepare and discuss the check list. This can be systematic, complete, do not miss any possible key factors that lead to dangerous, can overcome the safety inspection method, the purpose is not clear, as a mere formality, to improve examination quality effect.

(2) the safety check list for questioning, impressive, ask have answer, can make people know how to do it is correct, so can play the role of safety education.

(3) and the production responsibility system combining examination, due to different objects have different inspection table, easy to distinguish responsibility, check list can also note the improvement measures required, from time to time to check the improvement.

(4) the safety check list are simple and easy to understand, easy to master, not only for the present stage of our country, but also for the further use of the systems security engineering method is more advanced, accident prediction and safety evaluation and lay the foundation for.

(5) according to the existing regulations, rules, standards for inspection of implementation and compliance, easy to obtain accurate evaluation. Found in violation of discipline, or take the necessary measures should be immediately corrected.

6, the problems that should pay attention to the safety check list

(1) check list items, should be concise and to the point, focus, grasp the key;

(2) all kinds of safety check table has its applicable objects, not universal;

(3) the security check project at all levels should have different emphasis;

(4) should be examined in detail to the dangerous position, all the hidden danger in the damage before it was found.

(5) to carry out safety inspection personnel;

(6) the inspection found problems timely processing or to reflect the higher authorities.

Two, other safety analysis method

   In addition to the safety check list method, and event tree analysis, fault tree analysis, quantitative analysis. But because these analysis involves higher mathematical statistics, Boolean algebra, discrete mathematics, because of the time today do not speak. The mathematical basis of the students can find some related books to read, to scientific, accurate analysis of the cause of the accident is of great help, also can make a new step of their professional knowledge.