The Federal Constitution, government and elections

In reading American history once read "citation Federalist Papers", so I knew "Federalist Papers" plays an important role in the USA constitutional period, but always felt like this. Very professional, if not professional research American constitution and America history, there is no need to read this essays, however, when I discovered this book and read them at random in the bookstore, but no longer bear to give up, so that the flour greenback Press edition of the "Federalist Papers" in front of the desk.

"Federalist Papers" is a book by three at the Philadelphia America official languages, actually called Hamilton for America officials is not the most accurate, although they do is the official USA history, perhaps they should be called to America great more suitable. Officials in the China may mean that the powerful, but in the American officials do not necessarily have the power, but merely a system restriction, public supervision, the limited power of civil servants.

"Federalist Papers" total85Article, all published in1787Years10January1788Years8Month New York newspaper, the three authors toPubliusIssued in the name of the purpose of the article is to explain the Philadelphia convention to America citizens representatives by constitution and why the Constitution? What is the content of the Constitution? The federal government is a government do? What is his responsibility? There is no what rights infringement of citizens? What are the benefits of the people to the States?1787The Philadelphia Convention on the constitution, at the time of the American required13Congress agreed to by States, and at least9States agreed to take effect. The author of the essays we know, if wants the passed in state legislatures, first need to let USA citizens to fully understand the constitution, that state lawmakers to judge the good and bad.

In the1787Years ago, the states united to American government is very weak, "no army, no money", or even "no government", perhaps only a "articles of Confederation" and a Congress of the United States is real, the Philadelphia convention was scheduled to modification has been performed8Years of the "articles of Confederation", but after the secret discussion nearly three months after the meeting, the delegates decided to establish a constitution to replace the "articles of Confederation", the Constitution also provides to establish a relatively strong USA governments, so a strong national government for states to accept it? The conference delegates believed that, the new constitution conference and the design of the America government is one of the best representative Republic government, should be accepted by the whole America, but the new constitution in by the States but provoked a fierce debate, so with this famous by the three people such as Hamilton are as USA constitution and government's word "Federalist Papers".

Hamilton was convinced that human society can establish a good government passed over in one's mind and freedom of choice, since the8Years ago, the conference could develop a "articles of Confederation",8After years of accumulated experience in governing the country, knowledge, should be able to develop a more rational constitution and system. America need to establish a relatively strong government to safeguard the interests of the state, a few small nations together, to build a much larger countries, and agreed to as a member of this country, and create a new society, the new society can also be due to the addition of other new members and continue to expand. The Federal Republic composed by both the small, it makes the Republic's inner happiness, because everything foreign, joint, it has the advantages of main country prince. So the design American constitutional rights of the federal government are:1Defense against external threats,2With the foreign exchange regulations,3To maintain harmony and proper intercourse among the states,4Some trivial problems of public utilities,5To prevent something harmful action states,6Provisions so that all power should have effect.

Of course, the powerful national government of Hamilton are the design isn't the autocratic government, one of the important principles of their design is the power of the government of the separation of powers and checks and balances. They know that power is a violation of nature, people always constantly faced with their own chief executive ambition conspiracy, should be given to it by the limit in fact be restricted, because most always careerists to please the people began to rise, begin to bewitch, ended with the despot. "Centralization" is the result of autocratic bane, national power is concentrated in one person or institution , it is easy to cause the power out of control and the formation of centralization of state power, which led to the corruption of the government, once the government corruption, regardless of any excellent regime will degenerate into tyranny tyranny, freedom would be gone. All the power of the government concentrated in the hands of the same people, is the definition of autocracy, even these powers will be a lot of people exercise rather than a personal exercise, nor to ease the autocratic tyranny, even though these exercise regime was elected cannot solve this problem, because experience tell them: when to harm the people's rights by means of the people most in no doubt that the people master, the people are in the greatest danger. More specific point, if the legislative, administrative and judicial power in the same hands, whether it is a person, a few people or many people, whether hereditary, self appointed or elected, may justly concluded for tyranny.

"Decentralization" power of the state is divided into several parts, exercise independently by different departments; the so-called "balance" refers to the different departments to maintain a mutual restraint, mutual balance relationship in the exercise of the power. To make a long story short, separation of powers and checks and balances the state power is divided into several parts, each part of the mutual supervision, check each other and mutual balance, to achieve an important means of regulating the operation of national power and guarantee the rights of citizens. So the design of the federal government is the separation of the three powers, is not only the Federal Constitution requires the separation of the three powers, almost the state constitution is earlier than the Federal Constitution and the provisions of the state must be the separation of the three powers, such as the North Carolina constitution declared: the government's legislative, administrative and the supreme judicial power should always divided, in other states a similar provision.

The design of a strong national government, Is it right? Violated state right now? The state's rights can be protected? Hamilton pointed out that the state government to become a part of national sovereignty, allowing them to be directly represented in the Senate, and let them have some unique, very important sovereignty. So the constitution of the federal government's power is limited, not even we Chinese understands that the federal government is the state government leadership, the federal government and state government is not a superior subordinate relationship, you can imagine a minister of an authoritarian government to a province that hand draw make carping comments on foot, but a minister USA the federal government to the States, perhaps what is not. In fact the states can be considered as an important part of the federal government, but the federal government activities and organization of the state government, is not important.

On the other hand, the federal government is also produced in the state elections, without the intervention of the state legislatures, even the federal president chooses not to come out. Not to be the first to obtain most of the consent of the people, and then achieve most states agree, what laws and resolutions are pass.

In order to prevent the federal government staff is dominated by a handful of interest groups, the Constitution also provides that: the federal house of representatives directly elected by the people, the Senate by state elections, the president elected by the people's for the purpose of electoral elected, this design is to prevent some common interest to these different parts together, favoritism a class of electoral. The Federal Constitution designers know that a hazard: in a system makes a powerful party can easily combine to oppress the weak party in society, the weak is a violation of have no way to protect themselves against the strong, if some citizens, regardless of all citizens in the majority or minority, together, driven by some common passion or interest, against the rights of other citizens, or anti social permanent collective interests, the other part of the right which can not be guaranteed, if the majority of people united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will not guarantee. Mechanism America constitution the researchers designed American government officials effectively avoids the mechanism of authoritarian tyranny and tyranny of the majority of.

The framers clearly, the establishment of a national government, is not to achieve what doctrine, but rather to protect all citizens freedom, dignity and happiness. Today, their purpose has basically reached the.

The method of election of federal constitution determines the main point of American governments alternate election, once selected, middle school China text about a USA election political novel is "running for governor", Mark Twin "in the comic exaggerated brushwork, art reproduction of all kinds of dirty things scandal campaign America society, expose the campaign of the hypocrisy and deception", but apart from the so-called hypocrisy and deception, the true meaning of the election may lie in: people as principal government legitimacy of power source only, government departments according to the constitution of the people's power comes from.

Western proverb: "the election once a year end, tyranny begins the day is" may reflect a democratic civil society to understand the election and fear of tyranny, we can understand?

America federal constitution have200Years past, in this short period of time in the long history, risk American experienced split, but powerful, even in today's world, against the American voice never disappeared, but the United States still persist in one's old ways, even elected a black president, really to laugh America attackers. Up to now, there are some people waiting for us to perish, but waiting for a part of the enemy the United States first perish. What's the reason? Read the "Federalist Papers", you may be able to feel.

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"The Federalist Papers", [beauty] Hamilton Jay Madison, Cheng Fengru In the Han Dynasty Shu Xun translation, the translation World Classics Series1980Years6On the first edition2010Years8Beijing No.11Printing, print5000Book,ISBN978-7-100-00280-6Price30Element.