The constitution of the PRC 　　(by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 announcement promulgated in December 4, 1982 fifth session of the National People's Congress fifth conference According to the April 12, 1988 seventh session of the National People's Congress adopted by the first session of the "people's Republic of China constitutional amendment", in March 29, 1993 eighth session of the National People's Congress, the first session of the "people's Republic of China constitutional amendment", in March 15, 1999 ninth session of the National People's Congress passed the second meeting of the "people's Republic of China Constitution Amendment case" and in March 14, 2004 the Tenth National People's Congress second conference adopted "the people's Republic of China constitutional amendment" correction) Catalog   Preface The first chapter outline The second chapter the basic rights and obligations of citizens The third chapter of national institutions The first section of the National People's Congress Chairman of the second day of the people's Republic of China Section third of the State Council The fourth section of the Central Military Commission The fifth section of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas sixth Festival In section seventh, the people's court and the people's Procuratorate The fourth chapter flag, national anthem, the national emblem, the capital   Sequence　　Words   Chinese is one of the oldest countries in the world. Chinese people work together to create a shine with great splendor culture, has a glorious revolutionary tradition. One eight four hundred years later, the feudal China gradually turned into a semi colonial, semi feudal country. Fought bravely China people for national independence, liberation and freedom. In twentieth Century, the great historical changes occurred China turn the world upside down. Xin Hai revolution of 1911, led by Mr. Sun Zhongshan, the abolition of the feudal monarchy, the creation of the Republic of china. However, the historical mission China people against imperialism and feudalism has not been completed. In 1949, Chinese people led Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong as leader, after a long arduous and tortuous armed struggle and other forms of struggle, finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism rule, achieved a great victory in the new democratic revolution, establishing the people's Republic of china. Since then, China people have taken control of state power, become the masters of the country. After the people's Republic of China was founded, our society is gradually achieved its transition from a new democratic to a socialist. The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man has been eliminated, the socialist system has been established. The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the worker peasant alliance, in essence, is the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. Chinese people and China people's liberation army defeated the imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations, maintain national independence and security, strengthen national defense. Economic construction has made great achievements, the independent, relatively complete industrial system has been basically formed, a marked increase in agricultural production. Education, science, culture and other undertakings have made great progress, education in socialist ideology has produced remarkable results. The life of the people has improved considerably. Chinese the victory in the new democratic revolution and the socialist cause of achievement, is the leadership of the Communist Party of Chinese China people of all ethnic groups, in the Marx Lenin doctrine, under the guidance of Mao Zedong thought, uphold the truth, correct mistakes, overcome many hardships and dangers and made. China is currently in the primary stage of socialism. The basic task of the nation is China, along the road of socialism, to concentrate its efforts on socialist modernization. China people will continue in the China under the leadership of the Communist Party, in the guidance of Marx Lenin doctrine, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship, adhere to the socialist road, adhere to the reform and opening up, constantly improve the system of socialism, the development of the socialist market economy, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist the legal system, rely through one's own efforts, work hard and perseveringly, and gradually realize the industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology to promote the modernization, material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization coordinated development, to build China into a prosperous, democratic, civilized socialist country. In our country, the exploiting class as a class have been abolished, however, class struggle will exist for a long time. Chinese people and try to undermine China's socialist system of domestic and foreign hostile forces and hostile, must fight. Taiwan is a part of sacred territory of the people's Republic of. Is the sacred duty of all Chinese people including the Taiwan compatriots, the complete reunification of the motherland big industry. In building socialism must rely on the workers, peasants and intellectuals, unite with all the forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the democratic parties and people's organizations, including all socialist laborers, the builders of the socialist cause, patriots supporting socialism, love and support the reunification of the motherland in the broadest patriotic united front, this United front will continue to consolidate and development. Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference is a broadly representative organization of the United Front, has played an important role in history, the future in the country's political life, social life and foreign friendly activities, in the construction of socialist modernization, maintain the unity of the national struggle, will further play its important role in. The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party China will exist and develop for a long time. The people's Republic of China is created jointly by the people of all ethnic groups of the unified multi-ethnic country. Socialist relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance has been established, and will continue to strengthen. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of nationalities, to oppose big nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and to combat local nationalism. The country is making all efforts to promote the common prosperity of all ethnic groups of the country, the. China's achievements in revolution and construction are with the people of the world support inseparable. China future is closely with the future of the world together. Chinese adhere to stand on one's own foreign policy, adhere to mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, the five principles of peaceful coexistence with other countries, the development of diplomatic relations and economic, cultural exchange; consistently opposes imperialism, hegemony, colonialism, strengthen with people around the world solidarity, support the oppressed nations and the developing countries and the just struggle for national independence, national economic development, and efforts to maintain world peace and promote the cause of human progress. The constitution to the legal form of struggle of the people of all ethnic groups that China achievements, defines the basic system and basic task of the nation, is the fundamental law of the state, has the highest legal effect. The people of all ethnic groups, all state organs, armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and institutions, the country must take the constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and for the maintenance of the dignity of the constitution, to ensure the implementation of the constitution duties.   The first chapter outline   Article 1The people's Republic of China is the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class, and based on the worker peasant alliance of socialist countries. The socialist system is the basic system of the people's Republic of china. Prohibit any organization or individual to undermine the socialist system. Article secondAll power in the people's Republic of China belongs to the people. The National People's Congress and the local people's Congress is the highest organ of state power. The people in accordance with the law, through various channels and in various forms, management of state affairs, manage economic and cultural undertakings, the management of social affairs. Article thirdNational institutions of the people's Republic of China shall apply the principle of democratic centralism. The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are democratically elected, responsible to the people, subject to the supervision of the people. The state administrative organs, judicial organs, procuratorial organs by the people's Congress, responsible to it, subject to its supervision. Division of the central and local state organs, followed in the unified leadership of the central government, give full play to the initiative, enthusiasm of the local principle. Article fourthAll ethnic groups in the people's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities, the maintenance and development of equality, unity, mutual relations between the ethnic groups. Prohibition of discrimination and oppression of any nationality, prohibits the destruction of the unity of the nationalities or behavior. The state according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities, helping the minority areas to accelerate the development of economy and culture. Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities, organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are the people's Republic of China can not be separated parts. All ethnic groups have the use and develop their own spoken and written languages are free, to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs. Article fifthThe people's Republic of China to implement the rule of law, building a socialist country ruled by law. The national safeguard the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system. All the laws, administrative regulations and local regulations may contravene the constitution. All state organs, armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. All activities that violate the Constitution and laws, must be investigated. No organization or individual may be beyond the constitutional and legal privileges. Article SixthThe basis of the socialist economic system of the people's Republic of China is the socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The socialist public ownership, abolition of exploitation of man by man, let each person do his best, implement the principle of distribution according to work. During the primary stage of socialism, adhere to the basic economic system in which public ownership as the main body, various kinds of ownership economy develop jointly, to the distribution system in which distribution according to work as the main body, a variety of modes of distribution. Article seventhThe state-owned economy, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy. Article eighthRural collective economic organizations of the double management system of household contract management as the foundation, the. In rural areas, supply and marketing, credit production, consumption and other forms of cooperative economy, is the socialist economy under collective ownership. The workers to participate in the rural collective economic organizations have the right, within the limits prescribed by law to farm private plots of cropland, hilly, household sideline production and raise privately-owned livestock. The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial, service industry and other industries, is the socialist economy under collective ownership. State protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives, guidance and help, encourage the development of collective economy. Article ninthNatural resources and mineral, water, forests, mountains, grassland, uncultivated land, beaches and other areas, belong to all countries, namely the ownership by the whole people; by law belongs to all of forests and mountains, grassland, wasteland, except for the beach. The state ensures the rational use of natural resources, protection of rare animal and plant. Any organization or individual is prohibited to use any means to invade or the destruction of natural resources. Article tenthCity of the land belongs to the state. Land in the rural areas and the outskirts of the city, as stipulated by relevant laws other than those owned by the state, all belonging to the collective; house sites and private plots, remain mountain oneself, also belong to the collective. Countries in need of public interest, can expropriate the land and give compensation in accordance with the law. No organization or individual may encroach upon, the sale or other forms of illegal transfer of land. The right to the use of land may be transferred according to law. All organizations and individuals using land must make. Article eleventhIn the range of the individual economy, private economy and other non-public sectors of the economy law, is an important component part of the socialist market economy. The legitimate rights and interests of the state to protect the individual economy, private economy and other non-public sectors of the economy. The State shall encourage, support and guide the development of non-public economy, and the non-public sectors of the economy in accordance with the law, supervise and management. Article twelfthSocialist public property is sacred and inviolate. The state protects socialist public property. Any organization or individual is prohibited to use any means appropriation or damaging of state or collective property. Article thirteenthThe lawful private property of citizens are not violated. The State shall protect citizens to inherit private property right. Countries in need of public interest, can be imposed on the private property of citizens or requisition and compensation in accordance with the law. Article fourteenthCountries by improving the enthusiasm of the workers and the level of technology, the promotion of advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, implement the socialist system of responsibility in various forms, improving the organization of work, in order to improve labor productivity and economic benefits, the development of social productive forces. Countries practise economy, combat waste. The state properly apportions accumulation and consumption, the state, the collective and individual interests, on the basis of developing production, gradually improve the people's material and cultural life. The State shall establish and perfect the level of economic development of the social security system. Article fifteenthThe State practices the socialist market economy. The state strengthens economic legislation, improves macro regulation and control. The law any organization or individual to disrupt social economic order. Article sixteenthState owned enterprises have decision-making power in operation and management within the limits prescribed by law. The state-owned enterprises in accordance with the law, through the staff and workers' Congress and other forms, practice democratic management. Article seventeenthCollective economic organizations in compliance with the relevant laws, since the independence of economic activity. Collective economic organizations practise democratic management in accordance with the provisions of law, elect or remove their managerial personnel, decide on the major issues of management. Article eighteenthThe people's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals in accordance with the provisions of the people's Republic of China Law on China investment, with China enterprises or other economic organizations of various forms of economic cooperation. Foreign enterprises in Chinese territory and other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese foreign joint ventures, must abide by the laws of the prc. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the laws of people's Republic of China. Article nineteenthDevelopment of socialist education, raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation. The state runs schools of various types, the popularization of compulsory primary education, secondary education, occupation education and higher education, and the development of preschool education. The state develops educational facilities, illiteracy, the workers, farmers, state functionaries and other workers in their political, cultural, scientific, technical, business education, encourage self-taught. The State encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the provisions of the law. Popularizing Putonghua nationwide. Article twentiethThe national development of the natural and Social Sciences, popularize knowledge of science and technology, rewards achievements in scientific research and technological inventions. Article twenty-firstThe national medical and health development, the development of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, to encourage and support the rural collective economic organizations, to organize various medical and health facilities, state enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations, to carry out sanitation activities of a mass character, the protection of people's health. The national sports development, to carry out mass sports activities, enhance the people's physique. Article twenty-secondThe national development and serve the people, serve socialism literature and Art Press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural institutions, to carry out mass cultural activities. The state protects the places of historic interest and scenic beauty, valuable cultural relics and other important historical and cultural heritage. Article twenty-thirdThe state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, increases the number of intellectuals, create conditions, give full play to their role in socialist modernization. Article twenty-fourthCountries through the popularity of ideal education, moral education, education, education in discipline and the legal system, through the formulation and implementation of various rules, conventions in different sections of the people in urban and rural areas, strengthen the construction of socialist spiritual civilization. The State encourages love motherland, love people, love labor, love science, love the socialist morality, patriotism, collectivism and internationalism in people, the Communist education, dialectical materialism and historical materialism education, anti capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas. Article twenty-fifthThe state promotes family planning, population growth and economic and social development plans to adapt. Article twenty-sixthThe state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevent pollution and other public hazards. The state organizes and encourages afforestation, forest protection. Article twenty-seventhAll state organs carry out the principle, the system of responsibility for work, carry out staff training and examination system, improve the quality of work and efficiency, oppose bureaucracy. All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with the people, listen to their opinions and suggestions, to accept the people's supervision, and strive to serve the people. Article twenty-eighthCountries to maintain social order, treasonable and other criminal activities endangering State security, activities that endanger public security, disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes criminal. Article twenty-ninthThe people's Republic of China belongs to the people's armed forces. Its task is to consolidate national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national construction, and strive to serve the people. The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization of the armed forces, the standardized construction, strengthen the national defense force. Article thirtiethThe following administrative division of the people's Republic of china: 　　(a) the country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government; 　　(two) province, autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefecture, county, Autonomous County, city; 　　(three) counties, autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, the town. Municipalities directly under the central government and other large cities are divided into districts, county. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, Autonomous County, city. Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, are national autonomous areas. Article thirty-firstThe state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. In the implementation of the Special Administrative Region in the light of the actual situation of the National People's Congress may by law. Article thirty-secondThe people's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of foreigners in the territory of China, foreigners in China within the territory of the people's Republic of China must abide by the law. The people's Republic of China to foreigners who request it for political asylum, can give the protected rights.   The second chapter the basic rights and obligations of citizens   Article thirty-thirdWhere has the nationality of the people's Republic of people are citizens of the people's Republic of china. Citizens of the people's Republic of China are equal before the law. The state respects and safeguards human rights. Every citizen is entitled to rights under the Constitution and the law, at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law. Article thirty-fourthThe people's Republic of China citizens aged eighteen years, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, have the right to vote and to be elected; however, deprived of political rights according to law except. Article thirty-fifthCitizens of the people's Republic of China, published speech, assembly, association, parade, demonstration of freedom. Article thirty-sixthCitizens of the people's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. Any state organ, social organization or individual may compel citizens to believe or not to believe in a religion, citizens shall not be discriminated against religious and non religious citizens. The state protects normal religious activities. No one may disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens, or interfere with the educational system of the state of the religious activities. Dominant religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign forces. Article thirty-seventhCitizens of the people's Republic of China enjoy freedom. Any citizen, except with the approval or by decision of a people's Procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and executed by the public security organ, shall not be liable to arrest. Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens in other illegal ways of personal freedom, unlawful search of the body of citizens. Article thirty-eighthThe personal dignity of citizens of the people's Republic of China are not violated. Prohibition of civil insult, slander and false accusation by any means. Article thirty-ninthCitizens of the people's Republic of China are not violated residential. To illegally search or invade citizens prohibit residential. Article fortiethThe freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the people's Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except for the needs of state security or of criminal investigation, inspection of communication by the public security organ or the procuratorial organs in accordance with legal procedures, no organization or individual may, for any reason, violations of freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens. Article forty-firstCitizens of the people's Republic of China for any state organ or functionary, have the right to criticize and make suggestions; for any state organ or functionary of illegal acts, complaints, charges or complaints rights to the relevant state organs, but shall not be fabricated or distorted the facts by false accusation. For citizen complaints, charges or report, the relevant state organs must ascertain the facts, responsible for handling. Any person may suppress and take revenge. The staff of state organs and civil rights violations by the loss of the people, have the right to compensation in accordance with the law. Article forty-secondCitizens of the people's Republic of China have the right and obligation of labor. The state through various means, to create conditions for employment, strengthen labor protection, improve working conditions, and on the basis of developing production, improve labor remuneration and welfare. Work is the glorious duty of every able-bodied citizen. The workers of state-owned enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should treat their work as the masters of the country's attitude. The state promotes socialist labor emulation, reward model and advanced workers. The State encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labor. The state provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed. Article forty-thirdThe people's Republic of China workers have the right to rest. The national development and the rest and recuperation of the facilities, regulations working hours and off system. Article forty-fourthState in accordance with the law to implement the workers and staff of enterprises and institutions of the retirement system. The life of the retired personnel is ensured by the state and society. Article forty-fifthThe people's Republic of China citizens in old age, illness or incapacity cases, have to obtain material assistance from the state and social rights. The national development and enjoy the right to social insurance, social relief and medical and health services. The state and social security disability military life, provide pensions to the families of martyrs, supporting our military families. The state and society to help arrange a blind, deaf, mute and other handicapped citizens work, life and education. Article forty-sixthCitizens of the people's Republic of China have the right and obligation to education. The national training of children and young people, in moral, intellectual, physical and other aspects of comprehensive development. Article forty-seventhCitizens of the people's Republic of scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural activities. The national creative work engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural institutions citizens for the benefit of the people, give encouragement and help. Article forty-eighthThe people's Republic of China women in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life, enjoy equal rights with men. The state protects the rights and interests of women, the equal pay for men and women, the training and selection of women cadres. Article forty-ninthMarriage, family, mother and child are protected by the state. Both husband and wife have the duty to practise family planning. Parents have the custody of minor children of compulsory education, adult children have the obligation to support and assist their parents. Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited, banned the maltreatment of old people, women and children. Article fiftiethThe people's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese, protect the lawful rights and interests of Returned Overseas Chinese and their relatives. Article fifty-firstCitizens of the people's Republic of China in the exercise of rights and freedoms, must not harm national, social, collective interests and other legitimate rights and freedom. Article fifty-secondCitizens of the people's Republic of China is to safeguard national unity and solidarity of all nationalities in the country's obligations. Article fifty-thirdCitizens of the people's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe labour discipline, observe public order, respect social ethics. Article fifty-fourthCitizens of the people's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the obligation, not to harm the security, honor and interests. Article fifty-fifthThe defence of the motherland, the people's Republic of China is the sacred duty of every citizen to resist aggression. Military service in accordance with the law and is the glorious duty of citizens of the people's Republic of China to participate in the militia. Article fifty-sixthCitizens of the people's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with legal obligations.   The third chapter of national institutions The first section of the National People's Congress Article fifty-seventhThe National People's Congress of the people's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's congress. Article fifty-eighthThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress exercises the legislative power of the state. Article fifty-ninthThe National People's Congress is composed of Deputies of province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, Special Administrative Region and the military elected. On behalf of all the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate. Deputies to the National People's Congress election by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress presided over. The National People's Congress delegates and representatives have prescribed by law. Article sixtiethEach term of office of the National People's Congress five years. The National People's Congress two months before the expiration of the term of office of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, must be the deputy to the National People's Congress election. If extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, more than most by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to all members of the 2/3 pass, can postpone the elections, the National People's Congress extended the term. In the year after the very situation, must the National People's Congress election. Article sixty-firstThe National People's Congress meets in session once a year, convened by the Standing Committee of the National People's congress. If the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress deems it necessary, or more than 1/5 of the deputies to the National People's Congress proposed, may be convened sessions of the National People's congress. When the National People's Congress meeting, elect the presidium. Article sixty-secondThe National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers: 　　(a) to amend the constitution; 　　(two) supervise the enforcement of the constitution; 　　(three) the formulation and amendment of criminal, civil, the state organs and other basic laws; 　　(four) the chairman, vice chairman of the election of the people's Republic of china; 　　(five) according to the president of the people's Republic of nomination, decision of the State Council prime minister; according to the nomination by the premier, decided to Vice Premier of the State Council, state councilor, various ministries and commissions, the auditor general, the Secretary General candidate; 　　(six) the chairman of the Central Military Commission of election; according to the chairman of the Central Military Commission's nomination, decided to other members of the Central Military Commission; 　　(seven) to elect the president of the Supreme People's court; 　　(eight) election of the Supreme People's procuratorate; 　　(nine) to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the implementation of the plan; 　　(ten) the implementation of the budget and examine and approve the state report; 　　(eleven) change or decided to cancel the Standing Committee of National People's Congress does not appropriate; 　　(twelve) the approval of the provincial, autonomous region and municipality directly under the central government; 　　(thirteen) the establishment and the system determines the special administrative region; 　　(fourteen) decide on questions of war and peace; 　　(fifteen) shall be other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power to exercise. Article sixty-thirdThe National People's Congress has the power to recall the following personnel: 　　(a) vice president of the people's Republic of China, chairman of; 　　(two) the premier of the State Council, vice premier, state councilor, various ministries and commissions, the auditor general, the Secretary general; 　　(three) the chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Central Military commission; 　　(four) the president of the Supreme People's court; 　　(five) the Supreme People's procuratorate. Article sixty-fourthThe constitutional amendment, proposed by the representative of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than 1/5 of the National People's Congress, and by the National People's Congress in the majority of the representatives of the 2/3 through. Laws and resolutions by the National People's Congress and a majority vote of all the deputies. Article sixty-fifthThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following: The chairman, Vice chairman of a number of people, General secretary. A number of members. Members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, should include an appropriate number of deputies from the minority nationalities. Members of the National People's Congress election and deputies to the National People's Congress Standing committee. Members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs. Article sixty-sixthThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for a term as the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same, it shall exercise its functions and powers to the National People's Congress and the standing committees. The chairman, vice chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive. Article sixty-seventhThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions: 　　(a) to interpret the constitution, supervise the enforcement of the constitution; 　　(two) enacts and amends other laws shall be enacted by the National People's Congress of the law; 　　(three) when the National People's Congress is conducted, and amendments to the National People's Congress enacted the law, but not with the basic principles of the law of conflict; 　　(four) interpretation of the law; 　　(five) when the National People's Congress is to examine and approve, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development plans, the state budget in the implementation process should be done; 　　(six) the supervision of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate work; 　　(seven) revocation formulated by the State Council with the constitution, in contravention of the laws of administrative regulations, decisions and orders; 　　(eight) to revoke the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government formulated with the constitution, laws and administrative regulations conflict with local regulations and resolutions; 　　(nine) when the National People's Congress is, according to the nomination by the premier, ministers, decided to Commission Director, the auditor general, the Secretary General candidate; 　　(ten) when the National People's Congress is, according to the chairman of the Central Military Commission's nomination, decided to other members of the Central Military Commission; 　　(eleven) according to the president of the Supreme People's court for the appointment and removal of the Supreme People's court, vice president, judges, members of the judicial committee and the president of the military court; 　　(twelve) according to the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate long drawn, Supreme People's Procuratorate deputy chief procurators, procurators, the members of the procuratorial committee and the military procuratorates, and the approval of the provincial, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, the people's Procuratorate or; 　　(thirteen) determine the appointment and removal of plenipotentiary representatives abroad; 　　(fourteen) determine the treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign and abrogation; 　　(fifteen) for military and diplomatic personnel rank system and other special rank system; 　　(sixteen) provisions and decisions confers state medals and titles of honor; 　　(seventeen) decided to pardon; 　　(eighteen) when the National People's Congress is, if an armed attack on the country or in fulfilment of international treaty to prevent aggression treaty, decided to declare a state of war; 　　(nineteen) decides on general or partial mobilization; 　　(twenty) the individual province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government, the state of emergency; 　　(twenty-one) other functions and powers as the National People's Congress granted. Article sixty-eighthMember of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress long chaired the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, convened a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National People's congress. Vice chairman, the Secretary General shall assist the chairman in his work. The chairman, vice chairman, the Secretary General constitute the Council of chairmen, handle the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's congress. Article sixty-ninthThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress responsible and report on its work to the National People's congress. Article seventiethThe National People's Congress set up a Special Committee National Committee, Law Committee, a finance and Economic Committee, education, science, culture and public health committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee overseas Chinese Committee and other needs of the establishment of. When the National People's Congress is the special committee, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress leadership. Each specialized committee under the leadership of the Standing Committee of National People's Congress and the National People's Congress, research, review and draft resolutions. Article seventy-firstThe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress when it deems it necessary, organize investigation committee on specific questions, and according to the report of the Committee of inquiry, make corresponding resolutions. Commission of inquiry when, all the relevant state organs, social organizations and citizens shall have the obligation to provide the necessary materials to it. Article seventy-secondMembers of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress has the right, in accordance with legal procedures are proposed which belongs to the scope of the functions and powers of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the motion within the. Article seventy-thirdDuring the National People's Congress meeting at the National People's Congress, during the members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress meeting in the Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the State Council ministries, commissions of inquiry. The authorities must be responsible to answer inquiries. Article seventy-fourthDeputies to the National People's Congress, license without the chairman of the National People's Congress is not in session, meeting group, permitted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the National People's Congress, shall not be liable to arrest or criminal trial. Article seventy-fifthDeputies to the National People's Congress various meetings and voting, will not be investigated by law. Article seventy-sixthDeputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, and in the production, work and social activities in, assist in the implementation of the Constitution and the law. Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units that elected them and with the people, listen to and reflect the opinions and demands of the people, to serve the people. Article seventy-seventhDeputies to the National People's Congress are subject to supervision by the units which elected. On behalf of the electoral units have the right in accordance with the law procedures prescribed the unit selected. Article Seventy-eighthThe organization and working procedures of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress shall be prescribed by law. Chairman of the second day of the people's Republic of China Article seventy-ninthVice president of the people's Republic of China, the president elected by the National People's congress. Have the right to vote and the citizens of the people's Republic of China to be elected by over forty-five years of age can be elected as vice chairman, chairman of the people's Republic of china. Vice president of the people's Republic of China, the term of office of the chairman of the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same, shall serve no more than two consecutive. Article eightiethThe people's Republic of China, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, according to the decision of the National People's Congress and decide, promulgating laws, premier of the State Council, and Deputy Prime Minister, State Councilors, ministers, commissions, the auditor general, secretary general, confers state medals and Titles of honor, Amnesty released, declare an emergency state, to declare a state of war, issues mobilization orders. Article eighty-firstThe people's Republic of China, on behalf of the people's Republic of China, state activities, receiving foreign envoys; according to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decision, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states. Article eighty-secondVice president of the people's Republic of China assists the president in his work. Commission Vice Chairman of the people's Republic of China by the chairman may exercise certain functions and powers of the chairman. Article eighty-thirdThe people's Republic of China president, vice chairman shall exercise its functions and powers by the National People's Congress elected chairman, vice chairman of the inauguration. Article eighty-fourthWhen the people's Republic of China president, the vice president succeeds to the office. The vice president of the people's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress election. The vice president of the people's Republic of China, chairman of, from National People's Congress; prior to such election, the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress long temporarily act as the president. Section third of the State Council Article eighty-fifthThe people's Republic of China, the State Council, or the Central People's government, is the executive body of the highest organ of state power, is the highest organ of state administration. Article eighty-sixthThe State Council is composed of the following: Prime minister, Deputy Prime Minister of, State Councilor of several people, The minister, The Committee director, The auditor general, General secretary. The State Council is in charge of the prime minister. Ministries, commissions under secretary, director responsibility system. The relevant provisions of the state council. Article eighty-seventhThe term as the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same. The premier, vice premiers, State Councilors shall serve no more than two consecutive. Article eighty-eighthThe premier directs the work of the. The vice premiers, State Councillors assist the premier in his work. The prime minister, deputy prime minister, state councilor, Secretary General of the State Council executive meeting. The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the state council. Article eighty-ninthThe State Council shall exercise the following powers: 　　(a) in accordance with the Constitution and the laws, regulations and administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations, decisions and orders issued; 　　(two) introduced a bill to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the National People's congress; 　　(three) the provisions of the ministries and commissions of the tasks and responsibilities, the unified leadership of the ministries and commissions, and leadership does not belong to the ministries and commissions of the national administrative work; 　　(four) unified leadership over local organs of State Administration at various levels shall work, detailed division of state administrative organs of the central and provincial, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government authority; 　　(five) to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget; 　　(six) the leadership and management of economic work and urban and rural construction; 　　(seven) the leadership and management of the education, science, culture, health, sports and family planning work; 　　(eight) the leadership and management of civil affairs, public security, judicial administration and supervision work; 　　(nine) the management of foreign affairs, conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states; 　　(ten) the leadership and management of national defense construction; 　　(eleven) the leadership and management of national affairs, to guarantee the equal rights of minority nationalities and the autonomy of national autonomous areas; 　　(twelve) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese, protect the lawful rights and interests of Returned Overseas Chinese and their relatives; 　　(thirteen) to change or cancel the Department, the Committee issued inappropriate orders, directives and regulations; 　　(fourteen) alters or annuls inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of State Administration at different levels; 　　(fifteen) region approved by the provincial, autonomous regions and municipalities, approve the establishment and geographic division of Autonomous Prefecture, county, Autonomous County, city; 　　(sixteen) in accordance with the law determines the state of emergency area of province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the central government in entering; 　　(seventeen) the preparation of audited agencies, appointment and removal, in accordance with the law, training, examination and rewards and punishments administrative personnel; 　　(eighteen) the other powers granted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's congress. Article ninetiethChairman of the Committee of the State Council, the minister in charge of the Department; convene and preside over the meetings of the committee, the executive meeting or committee meeting, discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments. Ministries, commissions in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations of the State Council, decided, in order, within the jurisdiction of their respective departments, issue orders, directives and regulations. Article ninety-firstAuditing bodies are established by the State Council, the financial revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and local governments at all levels, the national financial institutions and enterprises and institutions of the financial budget, audit and supervision. Audit institutions at the premier of the State Council leadership, in accordance with the law independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing, no other administrative organs, social groups and individuals. Article ninety-secondThe State Council is responsible and report on its work to the National People's Congress; when the National People's Congress is, to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall be responsible and report. The fourth section of the Central Military Commission Article ninety-thirdThe Central Military Commission of the people's Republic of China directs the armed forces. The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: Chairman. Vice chairmen, A number of members. The Central Military Commission the chairman. The Central Military Commission term as the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same. Article ninety-fourthThe chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and Standing Committee of the National People's congress. The fifth section of local people's congresses and Local people's governments at various levels Article ninety-fifthProvince, municipality directly under the central government, city, county, city, District, township, nationality township, the town established the people's Congress and the people's government. Local people's congresses and local people's governments at different levels shall be prescribed by law. Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The organization and work of the organs of self-government in accordance with the basic principles of the constitution of third chapter fifth, section sixth shall be prescribed by law. Article ninety-sixthLocal people's congresses at various levels are the local organs of state power. At or above the county level shall be established by local people's congresses standing committee. Article ninety-seventhProvince, municipality directly under the central government, districts of the city by the people's congresses at the next level people's Congress election; the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, the town of representatives elected directly by voters. Local people's congresses at various levels and represent the resulting number prescribed by law. Article ninety-eighthEach term of office of local people's congresses in five years. Article ninety-ninthLocal people's congresses at various levels in the administrative area, ensure the observance and implementation of the constitution, laws, administrative rules and regulations; the authority in accordance with the law, through and issue resolution, examination and decision of the local economic construction, cultural construction and public facilities construction plan. Local people's congresses at and above the county level and approved by the examination of the administrative areas of the national economic and social development plans, budgets and their execution situation report; the right to change or revoke the decision of the Standing Committee of the people's Congress does not appropriate. The people's congresses of nationality townships as prescribed by law, to take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities. Article 100thProvince, municipality directly under the central government of the people's congresses and their standing committees, the premise in the constitution, laws, administrative regulations conflict, can make local regulations, be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. Article 101stLocal people's congresses elect, and have the right to recall the people's government at the same level, governors and deputy governors, mayors and deputy mayors, county magistrate and deputy magistrate, governor and deputy governor, mayor and deputy mayor, mayor and vice mayor. Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall elect and have the power to recall the people's court at the same level people's Procuratorate at the corresponding level and the long. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators, superior to the approved by the Standing Committee of the people's congress. Article 102ndProvince, municipality directly under the central government, districts of the city people's Congress supervision by original electoral unit; people's Congress of a county, city not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, towns represent the supervision by the constituency. The electoral units and voters to local people's congresses at various levels shall have the right in accordance with legal procedures prescribed by their elected representatives. Article 103rdThe Standing Committee of a local people's Congress at or above the county level by the deputy director, several people and members of several members, to people's congresses at the corresponding levels are responsible and report on their work. Members of the local people's Congress at or above the county level have the right to recall election and the Standing Committee of the people's congress. Members of the Standing Committee of a local people's Congress at or above the county level shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs. Article 104thThe Standing Committee of a local people's Congress at or above the county level to discuss, decide on major issues in all fields of work in their respective administrative areas; supervision of the people's government, people's court and the people's Procuratorate work; annul inappropriate decisions and orders of people's governments at the corresponding levels; revoked the people's Congress at the next lower level inappropriate resolutions of the appointment or removal of the decision; the staff of state organs in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction; during the meeting in the people's Congress at the corresponding level, individual representatives recall and upper level people's Congress. Article 105thLocal people's governments at various levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power at all levels of administrative organs, is the local state. Local people's governments at various levels shall be responsible for the preparation of governor, mayor, county, District, township, the mayor. Article 106thLocal people's governments at all levels of each term of office of the people's congresses at the same. Article 107thThe local people's governments at or above the county level authority in accordance with the law, management of the administrative areas of economic, educational, scientific, cultural, health, sports, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, national affairs, judicial administration, supervision, family planning and other administrative work, and issue decisions and orders, appointment, training, assessment and reward and punishment of administrative staff. The people's governments of townships, nationality townships, towns execute the resolutions of the people's Congress and the state administrative organs at higher levels of management decisions and orders, administrative work in their respective administrative areas. The people's Government of the province, municipality directly under the central government decide on the establishment and regional division of townships, nationality townships, the town of. Article 108thThe local people's governments at or above the county level leadership at all levels of their subordinate departments and people's governments at lower levels, have the right to change or revocation of their subordinate departments and people's governments at lower levels of inappropriate decisions. Article 109thAuditing bodies are established by local people's governments at or above the county level. Local audit institutions at various levels in accordance with the law independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing, responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and the auditing body at the next higher level. Article 110thLocal people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to people's congresses at the corresponding levels. During the period of the local people's governments at or above the county level is when the people's Congress, the Standing Committee of the people's Congress shall be responsible and report. Local people's governments at all levels of administrative organs at the next higher level are responsible and report on the work of national. Local people's governments at various levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council, obey. Article 111stCity and rural residential area set up by the residents committees and villagers committees are grass-roots mass self-government organizations. The residents committee, chairman, vice chairmen and members of a villagers committee are elected by the residents. The residents' committee, villagers' committee relations with government by law. The residents' committee, villagers committee people's mediation, public security, public health and other committee, for the living area of public affairs and public welfare undertakings, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order, and reflect the opinions of the masses, the people's Government of the requirements and suggestions. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas sixth Festival Article 112ndAutonomous organs of the autonomous region, autonomous prefecture, Autonomous County People's Congress and the people's government. Article 113rdAutonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, Autonomous County People's Congress, in addition to representatives of the nationality exercising regional autonomy, on behalf of other living in the administrative areas of the nation should also include an appropriate number of. The Standing Committee of the people's congresses of the autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, in exercising regional autonomy should be citizens of the ethnic group director or deputy director. Article 114thThe chairman of an autonomous region, autonomous prefectures, autonomous county shall be a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy as. Article 115thLocal organs of state organs of self-government of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, the exercise of chapter third section fifth authority, at the same time, in accordance with the provisions of constitution, law of regional national autonomy and other laws of the authority to exercise the power of autonomy, according to the actual situation of the local implementation of legal, policy of the state. Article 116thPeople's congresses of the autonomous areas have the right in accordance with the characteristics of the local ethnic political, economic and cultural, to formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations. The autonomy regulations and specific regulations of autonomous regions, reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval. Autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, autonomous regulations and separate regulations, the Standing Committee of the people's Congress of the province or autonomous region for approval, and reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. Article 117thOrgans of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in the management of local finance. Pursuant to the financial system of the state revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas, should be managed and used independently by the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas. Article 118thThe organs of self-government in the national plan of instruction, independently arrange for and administer local economic development. When the country in national autonomous development of resources, the local construction enterprises, should take care of the interests of the national autonomous areas. Article 119thThe organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer local education, science, culture, health, sports, protection and arrangement of national cultural heritage, the development and the prosperity of the national culture. Article 120thThe organs of self-government in accordance with the military system of the state and practical local needs, with the approval of the State Council, can organize local public security forces. Article 121stThe organs of self-government in performing their duties, in accordance with the provisions of the autonomous regulations, the use of local common one or several languages. Article 122ndCountries from the financial, material, technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development. The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at various levels, various kinds of professional and technical workers. In section seventh, the people's court and the people's Procuratorate Article 123rdThe people's Court of the people's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state. Article 124thThe people's Republic of China has established the Supreme People's court, the local people's courts at different levels, military courts and other special people's courts. The president of the Supreme People's court term as the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same, shall serve no more than two consecutive. The organization of people's courts shall be prescribed by law. Article 125thThe people's court cases, especially cases in addition to the provisions of law, shall be heard in public. The accused has the right to defense. Article 126thThe people's court in accordance with the law to exercise judicial power independently, not by administrative organs, social groups and individuals. Article 127thThe Supreme People's court is the highest judicial organ. The Supreme People's court supervision of local people's courts at various levels and of the special people's court, the superior people's court for trial supervision work of the lower court. Article 128thThe Supreme People's court is responsible to the National People's Congress and Standing Committee of the National People's congress. Local people's courts at all levels responsible for creating its national authority. Article 129thThe people's Procuratorate of the people's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision. Article 130thThe people's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate, local people's procuratorates at all levels and the military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorate. The Supreme People's Procuratorate term as the National People's Congress is elected for a term of the same, shall serve no more than two consecutive. The organization of people's procuratorates is prescribed by law. Article 131stThe people's Procuratorate in accordance with the law, exercise procuratorial power independently, not by administrative organs, social groups and individuals. Article 132ndThe Supreme People's Procuratorate is the supreme procuratorial organs. The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the people's procuratorates at various local levels and of the special people's procuratorates work, superior people's Procuratorate directs the work of the lower level people's procuratorate. Article 133rdThe Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and Standing Committee of the National People's congress. The local people's procuratorates at different levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the people's procuratorate. Article 134thCitizens of all nationalities have the national language of litigation rights. The people's courts and the people's Procuratorate to not understand the local language lawsuit participates in a person, should provide for their translation. In minority nationality or nationalities live together in one area, hearings should be conducted in the language commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be according to use one or several local languages and general requirement. Article 135thThe people's court, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, division of responsibilities, cooperate with each other, mutual constraints, to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.   The fourth chapter flag, national anthem, the national emblem, the capital   Article 136thThe national flag of the people's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars. The National Anthem of the people's Republic of China is the "March of the volunteers". Article 137thThe people's Republic of China national emblem, the middle is the Tiananmen star shining, is around the ears and gear. Article 138thBeijing is the capital of the people's Republic of china.

 

 

The full text of the constitution America

    Preface
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of liberty, but for the United States of America and establish this constitution.
Article 1
The first paragraph of this constitution, the legislative power, the United States Congress, Congress shall consist of a Senate and a house of Representatives.
Second house by the people of the several States, elected every two years for the members, the electors in each state shall have the qualifications, the largest number of the State Council electoral required. Who are under twenty-five years of age, or a citizen of the United States under seven years, or in some States elected not residents of the state, shall be appointed rep.. The number of Representatives and direct taxes, distribution according to federal jurisdiction state population proportion calculation method, the number of the population, should be in all free people -- including short-term contract for servants, but not including tax by the end of the Indians - number, 3/5 of all other persons plus. The actual population survey, should be held in the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, three years after, and subsequently held once every ten years, in such manner as prescribed by law. The number of Representatives shall not exceed thirty thousand of the population is, each one representative, but each state shall have at least one representative ; until such enumeration shall be made, the state of the number of election of representatives in accordance with the following: NH three, Massachusetts eight, Rhodes island and Providence plantations one, five, Connecticut New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania four six. Eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Any congressman when vacancies happen, the state chief executives should be awarded the writ of election, elected representatives to fill such vacancies. The house of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; only the house of Representatives has put forward the impeachment power.
Third United States Senate composition from each state legislature elected two senators, the Senate for a term of six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. Senator in the first election held after the meeting when, should immediately try to divided equally into three groups. The first group of senators term expires at the end of the year, to second years, second groups at the expiration of the fourth year, the third groups at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 1/3 may be chosen every second year re-election; if recess in a legislature, a senator or other reasons for resignation vacancy, the state the chief executive may make temporary Appointments, wait until the next meeting of the legislature, the election again. Who are under thirty years of age, or a citizen of the United States under the age of nine years, or in some States elected not residents of the state, shall be a senator. Vice president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, unless the votes are equal, the speaker does not have the right to vote. The Senate shall chuse their other officers, in the absence of the vice president, or execute the office of president of the United States, and also a President pro tempore. All cases of impeachment, only the Senate has the right to trial. In the trial of impeachment, the senators shall be bound by oath or affirmation. As president of the United States is tried, the chief justice of the Supreme Court by President ; in the late of 2/3 of the members present agreed, no person shall be convicted. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not exceed the removal and cancel the United States government any honor, duty or stipendiary job qualification ; but was sentenced to the must still obey the charges, according to the laws made by the trial, judgment and punishment.
Fourth state legislatures should be specified in the elections for Senators and representatives, time, place and procedures; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, but the vote is not in. The Congress shall meet at least once a year, the date of the meeting should be the first Monday in December, unless they passed a law to specify a date.
Fifth. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, election returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number, can be a day to push a heaven and earth to postpone the meeting, and shall have the right in accordance with the procedures and penalties of the house, to compel the attendance of absent members. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly, and with the concurrence of 2/3, expelled from the house of parliament. Each house shall keep a journal, and often published, but the school should keep secret the part except ; members of both houses on each issue approval or disapproval, such as 1/5 members present request, should be recorded in the minutes of proceedings. During the session of Congress, any house without the consent of the other, may not, for more than three days, nor to any other place than the Senate meeting.
Sixth the senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, compensation ascertained by law, and paid for by the Treasury of the United states. Members of both houses except treason, felony and breach of the peace, during their attendance at the Council and from the hospital on the way, there is no privileged from arrest ; speech and houses within the MPs in the house argued free applications, on the other. No senator or representative shall, as the government of the United States, any time in which he was elected, in position, or withdrawal of its term in office have increased position shall ; office under the United States, not as members of Congress during his continuance in office.
All bills seventh relevant taxation shall originate in the house of Representatives; but the Senate become a law, the amendment suggestions or representation. Through the house of Representatives and the Senate bill, before it become a law, be presented to the president as the president of the United States; approval, be signed, if not approved, should be with his objections to it back to the original proposed the house, the house should be credited to the objection on the record in detail, and then. If after such reconsideration, 2/3 of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be the bill together with the objections, to the other house, by which also be reconsidered, if the other house with 2/3 of the majority, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by agreement or disagreement, and for and against the bill shall be the names of the persons, houses were recorded on the Journal of each house. As the president received a bill for ten days (except Sunday) , the bill shall not be returned, as if he had signed by the president, became law "quasi when Congress returns and therefore cannot be returned when the bill, the bill, it shall not be a. Every order, resolution or voting person (about 3 except), payable by the Senate and house of representatives to be agreed, shall be presented to the president of the United States this quasi; by the after binding, as the president, shall not be approved by the house and Senate, then according to pass a bill to the rules and limitations prescribed, each with the majority of the 2/3, then.
The Eighth Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, customs duties and other taxes, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense of the United States and the national welfare fund ; but all taxes, customs duties and other taxes levied, shall be uniform throughout the United States; to the credit of the United States debt; management and foreign, state Inter, and with the Indian tribes trade ; formulation of naturalization is consistent throughout the United States, and the relevant bankruptcy agreement applicable laws; coin money, regulate the value, and the currency value, as well as the standard of weights and measures; to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and money of the United States; the establishment of postal offices and post roads ; to promote the progress of science and useful arts, the writer and inventor of the works and inventions, patent right within a certain time limit protection; setting the high court following the courts at all levels ; to define and punish the crime of piracy, felonies committed on the high seas and offences against the law of nations; to declare war, civil ship issued arrest and custody marque and reprisal, set in the land and sea captured war Lijing rules ; to raise and support the army, but each time The appropriation of money, its effective period shall not exceed two years; to provide and maintain a navy; make the management and control of the various regulations and * * * ; to provide for calling forth the militia, to execute the laws of the union, to suppress the rebellion and repel invasions ; provisions militia organization, equipment and training, as well as for the United States militia service management approach, but the States keep the appointment of the officers, and in accordance with the provisions of the regulations on congress training their power ; for by the particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, to serve as the seat of government of the United States District (not exceeding ten miles square), with all legislation to everything right; Parliament for the state to state, to buy, to building a fortress, ammunition depots, arsenals, shipyards and other necessary buildings place, also has the same power; - and to exercise the power of officials, and the exercise of the constitutional states government or its departments or the power, make all necessary and appropriate.
Should be quasi - the migration or importation of people ninth any of the states now existing thought, in the one eight O eight years ago, shall not be prohibited by the Congress, but can be levied on immigration, but not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Shall not be suspended the writ of habeas corpus privileges, but in cases of rebellion or invasion, necessary for the public safety when the limit. Shall not pass any bill of attainder or ex post facto laws. Unless in proportion to the provisions of the constitution of the census or enumeration, shall not levy any tax or other direct population. Goods to the state output, tax shall be laid. Any business or tax regulations, shall be given a state port preferential treatment in ; also shall not be compelled to or from a state of the ship, to enter or exit the another state, or to another state tax. In addition to funding in accordance with the law, shall not raise any money from the state treasury; public all budget report and accounts, often should. The United States shall not grant any title of Nobility: all the exercise or have a responsibility in the United States at the end of the post, the consent of the Congress, and shall not accept any king, prince or any gift, salary, job or foreign.
Tenth no state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; not to issue civil ship arrest and charge the enemy ship and reprisal; coin money; shall not issue notes; make anything but gold and silver coin as repayment of a debt by currency; not legal laws and damage in contract by any act of attainder, ex post facto compulsory ; or grant any noble. Without the consent of the Congress, the states are not allowed to import goods or export goods to levy any taxes, but in order to implement the state inspection laws: and there is absolutely necessary, this restriction shall not apply ; any state on import and export goods of the duties, the net proceeds to be used by the Treasury of the United States; has this kind of check the law, the revision and control of the congress. Without the consent of the Congress, the States shall not impose tonnage tax, shall keep * * * and ships of war in time of peace, and not of another state or country to enter into any agreement or contract, unless actually invaded, or encountered a critical situation brook no delay time, or engage in war.
Article second
The first administrative powers to the president of the United States of america. The presidential term of four years, with the same term president and vice president, should according to the following procedures: each state election should discuss procedures prescribed in accordance with the club of the state, the specified number of electors, their number should be equal to the total number of Congress and the state in the senators and representatives ; but, all such member members and any in the United States government as responsible and pay the duty person, shall be designated as the election. The electors shall belong to its own in the state assembly elections, each two people, including at least one person is not a resident of the state. Electoral shall make a list of all the persons voted for, indicate the number of votes for each ; they shall sign and seal that, after the list is sent to the seat of government of the United States and the senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and house of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the counting of votes. Who gets the most votes, if more than half of all the electoral votes, the president ; if there be more than one who have a majority, Dan and have an equal number of votes, then the house of Representatives shall immediately after the vote, elected president of ; and if no person have a majority, then the house of Representatives shall be the most votes before five methods with the same name in the election. But this method to elect the president, shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; such as the national 2/3 States each have one or more representatives attend, namely legal constitution presidential election number; elected president of all the states are required by the. In each such elections, after the choice of the president, the people the greatest number of votes to win the election, is the vice president. But if there are more than two or two votes are equal, by the Senate vote, choose one of them for the vice president. The Congress may determine the States elect period and their voting day voting date; national will. Only the birth for the citizens of America, or in the implementation of the constitution is a citizen of the United States, can be elected president; who are under thirty-five years of age, or resident within the United States less than fourteen years, shall be eligible to. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the president, by the vice president. The Congress may by law, the president and vice president are removed, or death, resignation or inability, by whom the acting president, the people should obey this assume office, to the president the ability to recover, or the new president was elected. The president for their services within the time specified in the acceptance shall, in its tenure, salary amount shall not be increased or reduced, he may not be in this term, since the government of the United States, and any state government then love other remuneration. In his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, maintain, protect and defend the United states.
The second paragraph in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and in the state militia called the United States mission commander in chief; he can charge for each administrative officials of any proposed relating to the duties of their written opinions event, except in cases of impeachment, he has the right to violate the laws of the United States were granted probation and. The president has the right to conclude treaties, but must seek the advice and consent of the Senate, and to attend the 2/3 senators were in favor of ; he shall nominate, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed ambassador, Ambassador and Consul, a judge of the Supreme Court, and all other in the Constitution without that, but will be in accordance with laws and regulations and set the officers of the United States ; Parliament can make laws, as appropriate, to these lower level officials were appointed, granting the president himself, conferred on the court, or to the administrative department. During the recess of the Senate, in case of a vacancy, the president has the authority to appoint officials to fill such vacancies, the end of term in the Senate the next meeting.
Third the President shall regularly report the case to Congress, and put forward as he considers necessary and appropriate measures to Congress for its consideration, ; in special circumstances, he may call one or both house and Senate meeting, in the recess time disagree, command both adjourn the meeting until such time as he ; he shall receive ambassadors and ministers; he should pay attention to the effective implementation of the law, and the appointment of all states.
Paragraph fourth of the president of the United States, vice president and all civil officers, treason, bribery or other felony and misdemeanor, impeachment and conviction, shall be removed from office.
Article third
Section 1. The judicial power of the United States be vested in one Supreme Court, and the Congress may from time to time ordered to set up a lower court. The Supreme Court and lower court judges, if loyal, should continue to serve, and to accept as a reward for their services shall, during his continuance in office, it shall be cut.
The scope of the second paragraph of the judicial power, should be included in the constitution, laws, and the United States of America have been ordered and all will be made under the treaty took place involving the common law and equity cases ; everything about ambassador, ministers and consuls; all the relevant maritime jurisdiction and maritime jurisdiction of the case; the United States as one of the parties litigation; state state and action between citizens, between the state and another state of civil proceedings, a state and citizens of another state, the lawsuit between States, between citizens of different states of the alienation of land and the dispute lawsuit people, as well as a state and its citizens and the foreign governments, citizens or between genera. In all the relevant ambassador, minister, consular and state is a party in the case, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases, the Supreme Court of law and the fact that the right of appeal, but the Congress shall make an exception and otherwise Disposal Ordinance, the limit. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state crime; but if the crime took place not within any state, the trial shall be according to the law designated locations in Congress or places.
Third only against the United States launched the war, or to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort, consisting of treason. No matter who, if not through the testimony of two witnesses his blatant act of treason, or on confession in open court, shall be convicted of treason. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but for treason attainder, its future generations of inheritance is not affected by the person, property or Forfeiture except during the life of my.
Article fourth
The first each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, full faith and credit shall be given. The Congress may make rules, how to prove to the provisions of this act, records, and judicial proceedings and the effect thereof.
Second citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime walker, escape outside the law and in a state of seized, the state should be requested in accordance with the criminals escape the executive authority of the state, the criminals to surrender, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of criminal cases. Where a state according to law shall be served in the state or condition of servitude, flee to another state, not because of any laws or regulations of a state, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be entitled to such service or labour as a request, to surrender.
Third new states may be admitted by the federal Congress added; if there is no state legislatures and Congress agreed, not under the jurisdiction of any state to establish new area; nor one of the merger of two or more states, state, or number part and the establishment of. Congress has the power to dispose of the territorial and other industries, and set about these all needful rules and regulations ; any of the provisions of this constitution, shall be as to prejudice any right of the United States or any state interpretation.
The Fourth United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, safeguard them against invasion; and on Application of the legislature, or the administrative department (when the legislature cannot be convened) request, against domestic.
Article fifth
All the members of both houses of the 2/3 of the most when it deems necessary, Congress should propose amendments to this constitution; or, when existing states 2/3 State Council's request, Congress shall convene the constituent assembly, the above two kinds of amendments, such as the general assembly by the legislatures of 3/4 states or 3/4 state constitutional amendment ratified, that is one of the parts of the Constitution and be in full force and effect, to use that kind of way of approval, then by the Congress ; but one eight, eight years before the amendment which may be made, in any case, may not be the first ninth of the first of this paragraph, article four two ; any state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal vote in the senate.
Article Sixth
The government of the United States before the debt owed to the constitution was approved and signed the treaty, after the adoption of the constitution, with and as under the confederation. This constitution, and the United States have enacted laws in accordance with the constitution of the United States; and all the has been signed and will conclude a treaty, both the highest national laws; and the judges in every state shall be subject to the constraint, either in the constitution or laws of any content and conflict, are not contrary to this. The senators and representatives, the State Council, the United States and the states of all executive and judicial officers, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support the constitution of the United States ; but to any office or public, are not in any * * * standard required as a qualification.
Article seventh
The ratification of the nine state constitutional convention, began to take effect between the ratification of the constitution states.
    The Constitution in 1787, Twelfth years after the independence of the United States of America in the September 17th by the Convention, states agreed at the meeting after the development. We hereby witness.......
    According to Article fifth of the constitution, proposed by Congress and the States approved to add and modify the terms of the constitution of the United states.
    The first amendment (1791)
    Congress shall make no law about the following matters: establishment of religion, or no religion freedom; limit the freedom of speech or the press; deprive citizens of peaceful assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
    The second amendment (1791)
    A well regulated militia is necessary to security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms and shall not be infringed.
    The third amendment (1791)
    In times of peace, without the consent of the owner, the soldiers are not allowed in the houses stationed; except in accordance with the law of war, also does not allow such.
    The fourth amendment (1791)
    People's personal, residential, documents and property against unreasonable search and seizure rights, shall not be infringed. Except in accordance with the reasonable basis, supported by oath or affirmation, and specify the search locations and the persons or things to be seized, not a search and seizure.
    The fifth amendment (1791)
    No matter who, unless according to a grand jury report or prosecution, shall not be sentenced to death penalty or other honor crimes trial, but the occurrence or public danger in wartime or in active service in the case in the militia, the Navy, the limit.
    No one may harm for the same offence and the two jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; without due process of law, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property.
    Without just compensation, private property shall not be taken for public use.
    The sixth amendment (1791)
    In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the following rights:
    From the crime occurred an impartial jury of the state and district to a speedy and public trial, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law;
    Be informed of the nature and cause of the charge;
    Be confronted with the witnesses against him;
    For obtaining witnesses in his favor to have compulsory process;
    To have the assistance of counsel for the defence.
    The Seventh Amendment (1791)
    In suits at common law, the dispute is worth more than 20 yuan, the right of trial by jury shall be protected. The jury in any court of the United States, except in accordance with rules of the common law, shall not be re examined.
    The eighth amendment (1791)
    Excessive bail shall not be required, no fines shall be imposed, cruel and unusual punishment.
    The Ninth Amendment (1791)
    The enumeration in the constitution of certain, shall not be construed to deny or ignore other rights retained by the people.
    The Tenth Amendment (1804)
    Not delegated to the United States the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States to exercise the powers reserved to the States, exercise, or reserved for the people to exercise the.
    The Eleventh Amendment (1798)
    The judicial power of the United States, shall not be construed to extend to the reason for his citizen of a state or any foreign citizens or subjects of a United States proposed or prosecute any common law or equitable procedure.
    The Twelfth Amendment (1791)
    The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote for a president and vice president, one of which must be at least one person not electoral state residents. The electors shall clearly be elected president of the person's name on the ballot, and the other ballots was elected vice president of the people's names. The electors shall all be elected president of people and all elected vice president of the people make a list, specify the number of votes for each, and on the list to witness a signature, and then send the seal seat of government of the United States, is the president of the senate. The president of the Senate open all the certificates in front of the Senate and house of representatives of all the members of the Council, then count the votes. Most people won the presidential vote, such as the number of votes more than half of the total number of electors chosen, namely for the president. And if no person have such majority, the house of Representatives shall be elected president immediately from the list of those who received the most votes but not more than 3 people, vote for president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be by States, the representation from each state shall have one vote. 2/3 States each have one or more representatives to attend the meeting, shall constitute a quorum to elect a president, a president and a majority of all the States ticket. (when the election of the president's power is transferred to the house of Representatives, such as the Institute in March 4 has not been elected president, then the Vice President shall act as president, the other provisions of the constitution the president's death or loss of as in the case of the same. The vice president) to the most votes, such as the number of votes more than half of the total number of electors chosen, is the vice president, if more than half of no person, the Senate should list the vice presidential election the most votes in two. The quorum for the vice presidential election by Senator 2/3 of the total composition, elected vice president Senator majority need total. But the Constitution without qualification as president, also not qualified as a vice president of the United states.
    The Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
    The first anywhere in the United States territory or subject to the jurisdiction thereof, slavery and forced labour may exist, but as a punishment for crime conviction according to law, the limit.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
    The Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
    The first born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are the United States and its citizens of the state. Any state, shall make or enforce any law limiting the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; without due process of law, no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property; for any person under its jurisdiction, it shall not be denied the equal protection of the laws.
    Second representatives shall be carried out according to state population distribution, each state includes all of the state's population demographic excluding Indians not taxed. But in any election of president of the United States and the vice president-elect, members of Congress, state administrative and judicial officers or state legislature, state's 21 years old and is any male resident citizens of the United States, if the election were deprived of the right to or from any kind of limit (for taking part in the rebellion or other crimes be deprived except), the state based representation, should according to the number of male citizens over the age of 21, the total number of male citizens proportional reduction.
    Third Whoever, who had previously to members of Congress, or the United States officials, or any state member of Parliament, or any administrative or judicial officials of the identity of an oath to protect the constitution of the United States, the United States after the subversion or rebellion, or give help or support of enemies of the Union, are not to be served as a senator or congressman or the president and vice president the electors, or the United States or any state under any civilian or military officials. But the Congress shall have power to each House votes to cancel the restriction of 2/3.
    Paragraph fourth for the United States public debt authorized by law, including the due payment personnel active suppressing insurrection or rebellion pension bonuses and the validity of debt, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States or any state, shall not be any debt or pay or take responsibility for the aid to the states of insurrection or rebellion obligations arising from, nor any compensation for reimbursement or take responsibility for the loss of any slave or free proposed; all of this debt, obligations and requirements, should be considered an illegal and invalid.
    Fifth Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
    The Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
    The first United States citizens the right to vote, not because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude by the United States or by any state deprive or restrict.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
    The sixteenth amendment (1913) the Congress shall have power to any source of income and the income tax, not proportional allocation among the several States, and without regard to any census or.
    The seventeenth amendment (1913)
    (a) the United States Senate consists of two senators from each state, chosen by the people of this state election, term of 6 years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the legislature for electors of the most numerous branch required qualifications.
    (two) any state under represented in the Senate, the state administrative authority should issue writ of election, to fill the vacancy, but any state parliament authorized the State Commissioner, according to the instructions in the people's Parliament elections to fill vacancies, appointed interim senator.
    (three) the amendment shall not affect the interpretation of the amendment to the election or term of any senator before as part of the Constitution in force elected.
    The eighteenth amendment (1919)
    The first paragraph of this article approval for a year after prohibition in the United States, and under the jurisdiction of all the territory of brewing, the sale or transfer of intoxicating liquors as a beverage; prohibit all territory such liquor input or output and under the jurisdiction of the United states.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article appropriate legislation.
    The third paragraph of this article in unless Congress will its submission to the states within seven years from the date by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the constitution ratified as an amendment to the constitution, shall not take effect.
    The Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
    (a) the United States citizens the right to vote, not because of gender by the United States or by any state deprive or restrict.
    (two) the Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
    The twentieth amendment (1933)
    The first this article had not been ratified, the president and the vice president's term in the original term of year January 20th end at noon, the terms of senators and representatives at the end of the article had not been ratified before the expiration of the term of office of the original year January 3rd noon, their successors shall then begin.
    Second Congress shall meet at least once a year, in addition to Congress by law or date, the meeting began at midday on January 3rd.
    Third if the president elect shall have died the beginning of the term of the president, the vice president elect shall become president. As in the time fixed for the beginning of his term, the president has not yet chosen or elected president, not qualified, then the vice president elect shall act as president until a qualified president. The president elect and vice president elect are disqualified, the Congress may by law acting president, or declared elected acting president. This person should be acting president until a qualified president or vice president.
    Fourth the Congress may by law to the provisions of the following: transfer to the house of representatives in the election of the president's right, death can be the elected president of people; transfer to the Senate in the vice presidential election rights, can be the death of elected vice president of people.
    Fifth first and second paragraphs in this article should be approved after the entry into force in October 15th.
    The sixth paragraph of this article unless in its submission to the states within 7 years from the date of approval by the State Council, 3/4 for the amendment of the constitution, shall not take effect.
    The twenty-first amendment (1933)
    The first the United States of America the eighteenth amendment to the constitution is hereby repealed.
    Second in the United States any state, quasi state or territory, in violation of the law and the delivery or input of intoxicating liquors for local delivery or use, shall be prohibited.
    The third paragraph of this article in unless Congress will its submission to the states within 7 years from the date of the meeting, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution of the state constitutional amendment ratified as an amendment to the constitution, shall not take effect.
    The twenty-second amendment (1951)
    The first Whoever, elected to the office of the President more than two times; whoever, as in others elected presidency above president or acting president two years, may not be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to when this article was proposed by Congress any person holding the office of president; and shall not prevent any person in this article is effective when the president or acting as president to the president or acting as president in a term before the end of the time.
    The second paragraph of this article in unless Congress will its submission to the states within 7 years from the date of approval by the State Council, 3/4 for the amendment of the constitution, shall not take effect.
    The twenty-third amendment (1961)
    The first as the seat of government of the United States District, should be in accordance with the Congress representatives: a certain number of presidential and vice presidential electors, equal to the number of the district as a state senator Senator He Zhong, the total number of the right in Congress, but never more than the number of electoral population of at least state. They are to be in state elections than people, but to the election of president and vice president, shall be deemed to have been appointed by a state election; they are in the District, to fulfill the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment duties.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
    The twenty-fourth amendment (1964)
    In the first president or vice president, any preselected for electors for president or vice president, or Senator or congressman or other election, citizens of the United States to vote shall not by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax by the United States or by any state deprive or restrict.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
    The twenty-fifth amendment (1967)
    The first in case of the removal of the president from office, his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become president.
    Second whenever the vice presidency becomes vacant, the President shall nominate a vice president, the Congress approved by a majority vote of both houses after the inauguration.
    Third whenever the president to submit a written statement to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the house of Representatives, said he could not fulfill its duties of authority and responsibility, until he asked them to submit a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be borne by the vice president as acting president.
    Most of the fourth vice president, whenever executive departments officers or most other legal institution established by Congress members, submit a written statement to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the house of Representatives, said the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately as acting president assume the powers and duties of his office. Thereafter, when the president submits a written statement to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the house of Representatives, said the loss of the ability to situation does not exist, he shall restore the powers and duties of his office, the vice president and unless a majority of the executive departments officers or Congress through most legal set of other machine members within 4 days of the President pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the house of Representatives submitted a written statement, said the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. In this case, Congress shall decide the issue, such as during the recess, within 48 hours for that purpose rally. If Congress within 21 days after receipt of a written statement within, or if the Congress because coincides with the recess and in accordance with the requirements of 21 Day rally after specially for that purpose, with both 2/3 votes to decide the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as acting president positions of power and responsibility; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
    The twenty-sixth amendment (1971)
    The first are citizens of the United States, 18 years of age or over the age of 18 to vote, not because of age by the United States or by any state deprive or restrict.
    Second Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

 

 

 

 

The constitution of Japan

　　
(released in November 3, 1946, May 3, 1947 Implementation)

 

 

The Japanese people by duly elected representative action, in order to us and our children, to ensure that the people of all countries and the cooperation achievements national freedom - translation, determined to eradicate the because of government behavior and lead to war again, hereby proclaim sovereignty belongs to the people, and to determine the constitution. Serious trust depends on the national government, its authority from the national, the exercise of its powers by the national representative, the benefits enjoyed by the people. This is the universal principle of human, the constitution of this principle according to which. Where the opposite all the constitution, laws and imperial edict, we are hereby excluded.
The Japanese hope for permanent peace, lofty ideal with deep dominate human relations trust, peace loving peoples justice and faith, determined to maintain the survival and security of our. We hope to maintain peace, from the earth forever eliminate autocratic oppression and narrow, and membership in the international society, occupies a glorious position. We confirm, the people from all over the world and from equal survival horror and lack of rights in peace.
We believe, no country should look out for their own regardless of his country, and political and moral rules, is the universal law, abide by the law in all countries to safeguard national sovereignty and the establishment of equal relations with his country's obligations.
The Japanese people swear for the national honorary strain every nerve to fulfill this lofty ideal and objective.
　　

　　

The emperor is the symbol of Japan, is Japan's national symbol of unity, sovereignty belongs to its position, the Japanese will as the basis.
　　

The throne hereditary, according to the provisions of the succession of the preliminary model of the Royal family.
　　

All the relevant state behavior, must have the recognition and advice of the cabinet, the cabinet responsible.
　　

The relevant state acts emperor only exercise the constitutional regulations, without a national political power. ]
The emperor was in accordance with the law to such relevant state behavior.
　　

According to the regulation model of the royal family setting regent, regent to the emperor exercised in the name of state behavior. In this case, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the first paragraph of the preceding article.
　　

The emperor according to congressional nomination prime minister.
The emperor according to the cabinet appointed chief justice of the Supreme court.
　　

According to the advice of the cabinet and the emperor admitted, for the national exercise the following relevant state behavior:
The 1 amendment to the constitution, published laws, decrees and treaty.
The 2 congress.
The dissolution of the house of the 3.
4 notice held congress general election.
5 authentication of secretary of state and law, and other official credentials to the ambassador, Minister of.
6 certification amnesty, amnesty, commutation, exempt from penalty execution and recovery of right.
7 give honour.
8 certification approval and other diplomatic documents prescribed by law.
9 received foreign ambassadors and envoys.
10 held a ceremony.
　　

To grant Royal property, Royal receive or give property, shall be according to the Congressional resolution.
　　

　　

The Japanese people sincerely seek justice and order based on international peace, give up forever to the state power's war, the use of force or threat of force as a means of settling international disputes.
In order to achieve before the project, not keep the armed forces and other forces of war, does not recognize the belligerent powers.
　　

　　

As a Japanese national conditions, the law of.
　　

Not all citizens enjoy basic human rights impede. The basic guarantee of human rights in the constitution as a permanent national, shall not be infringed, now and in the future were given national.
　　

Freedom and civil rights safeguard the constitution, the national shall not abuse, often should assume the responsibility for public welfare.
　　

All people are respected as an individual and. For national survival, freedom and happiness, as long as it does not violate the public welfare, in legislation and other national affairs must be the greatest respect.
　　

All citizens are equal before the law. In the political, economic and social, may vary by race, religion, gender, social status and family status of different.
Does not recognize the Chinese and other aristocratic system.
The medal of honor, as well as to other honors, do not attach any privilege. Granted the honors, its effectiveness has been the recipient and the only the recipient generation.
　　

To elect and dismiss the civil service is the inherent right.
All civil servants are all the servants, but not a part of the national service.
Civil servant election, is widespread electoral security adult subjects.
In all elections, ballot secrecy shall not be violated. For the electoral choices, whether in private or public, it shall not be held responsible.
　　

Any remedy for damage, civil servants, recall, legal orders and regulations formulated, amended or repealed, have a peaceful petition right, not because of any such petition by different treatment.
　　

Any person who has been injured by a wrongful act of civil servants, shall according to law, claim compensation from the state or public organizations.
　　

Any person not subject to any slave nature of the binding. Except for criminal punishment of any person shall not be violated, I will make its penal servitude.
　　

Thought and the liberty of conscience, shall not be infringed.
　　

For any person to ensure the freedom of religious belief. Religious organizations may not accept any privileges from the state or the exercise of political rights.
Shall not force anyone to join the religious behavior, celebrations, ceremonies or rituals.
The state and the state organs shall not conduct religious education and any other religious activities.
　　

Support assembly, association, expression, publication and all other manifestations of freedom. Shall conduct check. Must not violate the privacy of communication.
　　

The range is not contrary to the public welfare, anyone living, migration and freedom of choice of occupation.
Not to emigrate or expatriate any violation of freedom.
　　

The protection of academic freedom.
　　

Marriage only according to gender voluntary union was founded, must be husband and wife enjoy equal rights as the foundation, the mutual cooperation be maintained.
On the choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, selected residence, divorce, marriage and family and other matters related to the law, must be based on respect for the dignity of the individual and gender equality in basic formulation.
　　

All citizens are entitled to maintain minimum health and life of right culture.
The state must in all aspects of life to improve and enhance social welfare, social security and public health.
　　

All products, in accordance with the law, enjoy equal rights to education according to ability.
All products, in accordance with the law, have to be protected by the children of ordinary education obligations. Compulsory education for free education.
　　

All the people enjoy their labor rights, assume the obligations of labor.
The basic standard in salary, working hours, rest and other working conditions, the law of
No child abuse.
　　

To safeguard workers' solidarity, collective bargaining and other right to collective action.
　　

Property shall not be violated.
The content of property rights, should be consistent with the public welfare, established by law.
Private property in the just compensation for the public to accept.
　　

The national tax in accordance with the law of obligations.
　　

Not according to the procedures prescribed by law, no person shall be deprived of life or freedom, or to other punishment.
　　

No person shall be deprived of the rights in court.
　　

In addition to the prisoners arrested persons, if not have the right to judicial organs to express the crime reason issued the arrest warrant and, to any person shall be arrested.
　　

If not promptly informed of the reasons and immediately to entrust his rights, no person shall be arrested or detained on. To anyone without justified by not detention; if I request, must immediately to the reason shall be declared in public court I and defender attended.
　　

Any human habitation, file the property but not intrusive, search and seizure. This right, in addition to the provisions of article thirty-third, no basis for justification issue and express the search sites and confiscation articles writ, shall not be infringed.
Search and seizure, on the basis of the right to judicial organs issued separately
　　

The absolute prohibition of torture and cruel punishment of civil servants shall.
　　

In all criminal cases, the defendant has accepted the justice court quickly the right to a public trial.
Defendants have asked the full opportunity to all the witnesses, and enjoy the use of fees in accordance with the mandatory procedures for seeking the right of witness.
The criminal defendant in any occasion can be entrusted to qualified counsel. The defendant cannot entrust, provided by the state.
　　

Shall not force any person not conducive to my confession.
To force, torture or threat of income statement, or after is not legitimate long-term detention ban after the confession, shall not be used as evidence.
If any person is the only evidence against him was the confession, not by conviction or punishment.
　　

On anyone's conduct was lawful or sentenced innocent in its, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility. Repeat the same crimes shall be investigated for criminal responsibility shall be.
　　

Any person sentenced to detention or custody in innocence, in accordance with the law to demand compensation from the state.
　　

　　

Congress is the highest organ of state power, is the only national legislature.
　　

Congress is composed of the house of Representatives and the Senate two house.
　　

The two house of representatives elected by all national member organizations. The two house members of the quota, the law of.
　　

The two house members and the electoral qualifications, established by law. But not because of race, religion, gender, social status, family status, education, property or income varies from different.
　　

The term congressman for four years. But in the dissolution of the house of Representatives, the termination before its expiry term.
　　

The term senator for six years, every three years, half re-election senator.
　　

Matters relating to elections, voting method and other relevant election two house members, with the law.
　　

No person shall at the same time as the two house members.
　　

The two house members must by law since the Treasury received a considerable amount of the old fee.
　　

The two house members except the provisions of law, the congressional session without arrest. Arrest pre sessional members, as the house of Commons request, must be in the period to be released.
　　

Speech, two house members made the discussion or vote in the house, outside the court shall not be held responsible.
　　

Congress often, held once a year.
　　

The cabinet had decided to convene an interim meeting of the congress. If all the members of either house by 1/4 the above requirements, the cabinet must be decided to convene an interim meeting.
　　

The house was disbanded when, must be in the self dissolution within forty days from the date of holding general elections, and shall be convened within thirty days from the date of the Congress in the election.
The house was disbanded when the Senate meeting, at the same time. But the cabinet there is urgent need to in the country, have asked the Senate held an emergency meeting.
Take the emergency meeting but the measures referred to in the preceding paragraph, is temporary, if not the house of Representatives agreed in ten days after the next Congress is in session, the measure that the failure.
　　

Dispute two house each judge the member qualification. But the revocation of membership, there must be more than 2/3 the majority of members present resolutions.
　　

The two house without all the members attended the above 1/3, or Council and resolutions.
The two house, in addition to the constitution has the special regulation, by attended half of the members to decide, whether equal, by the decision.
　　

The two house production meeting is a public meeting. But the members present 2/3 above the majority decision, have held a secret meeting.
Two house are keep meeting minutes each, except that the secret meeting records should be particularly private persons, shall be published, released to the public.
If the other members 1/5 the above requirements, members vote to be loaded into the record of the meeting.
　　

The two house election the speaker of the house of their own and other staff.
The two house rules formulated relevant meetings, other procedures and internal discipline, and to destroy the hospital order members of punishment, but expel a member must have attended the senator 2/3 majority decision.
　　

The legal case, in addition to the constitutional law has special provisions, the two house passed after become law.
The legal case and the Senate has passed the house of representatives make different decisions, such as the house of Representatives majority again through 2/3, which became law.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not prevent the house according to the legal requirements to hold the two house agreement.
The Senate received legal case has been passed by the house of Representatives after sixty days (with the exception of a congressional recess) did not make a decision, the house can be considered this legal case has been rejected in the senate.
　　

The budget must be put in the house.
On the budget, such as the Senate to make different decisions and the house of Representatives, according to the law, held two house agreement still cannot agree, or had already passed by the house of representatives in the Senate Budget, in addition to a congressional recess thirty days does not make decisions, the house of Representatives as a congressional resolution.
　　

Admit need about the treaty in Congress, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding article second paragraph.
　　

The two house in their investigation about the state of affairs, and therefore asked the witness to attend, provided testimony and record.
　　

The prime minister and other ministers of state, regardless of whether to retain the seats in the two house, as spoke on the motion are attending the meeting at the house. In be asked to attend the respondent or stated, must attend.
　　

Congress as a trial judge dismissed charges, composed of two senators organization court impeachment.
Matters relating to the impeachment, established by law.
　　

　　

The cabinet in accordance with the law by the chief cabinet minister and Minister of state organization.
The prime minister and other secretary of state must be civilian personnel.
The exercise of executive power, jointly and severally liable to the congress.
　　

Prime Minister nominated by the Congress in congress. This nomination priority than all other cases.
The house of Representatives and the Senate to make different decisions on the nomination, according to the law to hold the two house agreement still cannot agree, or make a resolution in the house of representatives nominated, in addition to a congressional recess ten days not to nominate Senate resolution, which the house of representatives in Congress resolution.
　　

The prime minister appointed Minister of state. But more than half of them must be elected by members of congress.
The prime minister can recall the Secretary of state.
　　

The cabinet in the house of Representatives passed a motion of no confidence or trust case was rejected, such as ten days did not dissolve the house of representatives must always resign.
　　

The prime minister's absence, convened the first Congress or the general elections after the cabinet must resign.
　　

Before two when, before being appointed prime minister in the new cabinet, continues to perform his duties.
　　

The prime minister's cabinet to the country on behalf of all proposals, submit a report to the Congress on general state and diplomatic relations, and direct supervision of the administrative departments.
　　

The cabinet in addition to the implementation of general administration affairs, execute the following matters:
One, honest law enforcement, Prime Minister of state.
Two, foreign affairs.
Three, the conclusion of treaties. But it must be in advance, or according to the situation after the approval of congress.
Four, in accordance with the law norms, in charge of the official affairs.
Five, prepare and present budget to congress.
Six, to implement the provisions of the Constitution and the law and make policy. But this decree, unless specifically authorized persons, shall not make penalties.
Seven, determine the amnesty, amnesty, commutation, exempt from penalty execution and recovery of right.
　　

Laws and decrees were signed by the chief minister of state, and must have the prime minister's petition.
　　

In the Secretary of state, such as no prime minister agreed, not subject to prosecution. But this shall not prejudice the right of public prosecution.
　　

　　

All the judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and lower courts set by law.
Not to set up a special court. Administrative organs shall not be performed as a final trial.
All judges to exercise their functions and powers according to conscience, independent, only by the Constitution and the law.
　　

The Supreme Court has the power to the relevant matters of litigation procedure, lawyers, court internal discipline and judicial affairs processing rules.
The prosecutor must abide by the rules of the Supreme court.
The Supreme Court may entrust the will formulate relevant rules of the lower court permission to a lower court.
　　

In addition to the trial judge determined by physical faults cannot be duty, shall be removed from office by the non formal impeachment. The judge disciplinary action shall be implemented by administrative organs.
　　

The Supreme Court by the chief justice and legal provisions of other places a judge. In addition to the chief judge, the other judges appointed by the cabinet.
The appointment of judges to the Supreme Court, cross national review in its appointment held the first general elections, since after ten years after the first general election held congressman delivered after the review again.
In the review, the majority of the voters recall a judge, the judge shall be removed.
On examination, established by law.
Retired Supreme Court justice reach legal age.
The Supreme Court judges are regular payment amount, the rewards shall be reduced in term of.
　　

The lower court judges, the list proposed by the cabinet appointed by the Supreme court. The judge's term is ten years, renewable. But the legal age retirement.
Lower court judges are regularly receive compensation amount, the rewards shall be reduced in office.
　　

The Supreme Court has the power to decide all laws, orders, rules and sanctions if the Constitutional Court of final appeal.
　　

The trial and the court's ruling in open court.
If the Court unanimously decided that disturb the public order or good morals. When the court was not open trials. But for the political crime, the crime constitution published the third chapter of the security of national rights cases, the general must be open trial.
　　

　　

To deal with the country finance authority, must be exercised according to the decisions of the congress.
　　

The new class tax, or change the existing tax laws or regulations, must be based on the conditions of the law.
　　

National expenditure, or the national debt, according to the Congressional resolution.
　　

The cabinet must prepare every fiscal year budget, proposed to Congress, the consideration by the.
　　

Budget supplement unpredictable deficiency, according to the congressional resolution setting reserve funds, by the cabinet responsible spending.
Spending all reserve funds, admitted to Congress after the cabinet must have.
　　

All the property belonging to the national royal. All costs must be included in the budget of the royal family, the meeting will.
　　

Public funds and other property of the state, shall provide convenience or maintenance activities for religious organizations or groups, nor for does not belong to the public, charitable, educational and philanthropic undertakings spending or use.
　　

The national accounts, each year are subject to accounting check the hospital examination, the cabinet must be in the next year will be the final and this review report also proposed to congress.
Organization accounting check the hospital and authority, established by law.
　　

The cabinet must be regularly, at least once a year, submit a report to the Congress on the country's financial situation and the national.
　　

　　

Organization and operational matters relating to local public entities, according to local autonomous mission to the law.
　　

Local public groups according to legal provisions as set assembly of organs.
Local public entities executive, Parliament and the provisions of other government officials, elected directly by the people of the local public entities.
　　

Local public groups have property management, transaction processing and the execution of the administrative power, to develop regulations within the law.
　　

The special law is only applicable to the base of a local public entities, according to the law, not the local public entities more residents to vote majority vote, Congress shall make.
　　

　　

Amendment to the constitution, must be approved by all the members of the house of Commons 2/3 support, by Congress to the national initiative, is proposed, and its recognition. Such recognition, must be voted in the special national vote or by the congress election, must be approved by more than half in favor of.
After the amendment of the constitution of the acknowledgement, the emperor immediately in the name, as part of the constitution published.
　　

　　

The basic human rights protected by the constitution to the Japanese nationals, is the human struggle for freedom after years of trying to obtain results, these rights have been in the past after the test, as a permanent right to inviolability of the present and the future are endowed with the national.
　　

The constitution is the highest national laws and regulations, and the provisions of the present constitution that violate laws, orders, and other behavior of the imperial decree of the state in whole or in part, shall be invalid.
Japan concluded treaties and established the international regulations, must be honest.
　　

The emperor or the Regent and the Secretary of state, members of Congress, judges and other civil servants are to respect and support the constitutional obligation.
　　

　　

The constitution from the date of six months after the start implementation.
For the purposes of this constitution must make law, members of the Senate elections, Congress program as well as necessary for the purposes of this constitution preparation procedures, be in before a date.
　　

The implementation of the occasion, such as the Senate has not yet established, in its established previously by the house of representatives to exercise the power of congress.
　　

According to the constitution of the first session of the Senate, half of them for a term of three years. These members, in accordance with laws and regulations, determine the.
　　

The implementation of the Constitution in the Secretary of state, members of the house of Representatives, judges and other civil servants, the status and the constitution recognizes position, with the exception of the law has special provisions, not for the purposes of the Constitution and of course lost its position. But according to the constitution, elected or appointed his successor person, namely of course lost its position. Japan US Security Treaty and article ninth of the Constitution

 

 

                     The German constitution (excerpt)

 

The first chapter of basic rights
Article 1
A man of dignity, shall not be infringed, respect and protect the dignity as the duty of all state authority.
Two, therefore, the German people admit that no human rights violations and inalienability of, As the foundation of all human society and world peace and justice.
Three, the following basic rights restrain the legislative, administrative and judicial rights directly and effectively.
Article second
A, everyone has the right to freedom of the personality development, but not limited to infringe the rights of others or do not violate the constitutional order or the moral standard.
Two, everyone has the right to life and physical inviolability. Personal freedom and inviolability. Such rights only according to the law before the intervention.
Article third
A, everyone is equal before the law.
Two, men and women have equal rights, countries should promote the practical implementation of gender equality, and removed the existing discrimination.
Three, no person shall be discriminated against or privileges because of gender, origin, race, language, nationality, origin, faith, religious or political views. No person shall be discriminated against because of their disability.
Article fourth
A, faith and freedom of conscience and freedom of religion and expression of the world outlook inviolability.
Two, religious ceremony should protect their without hindrance.
Three, no person shall be forced against their conscience, armed serve war service, the rules set by federal law.
Article fifth
A, everyone is with language, text and pictures free representation and spread its opinion right, and from the general public to accept the knowledge sources and unimpeded rights. The freedom of the press and broadcast and movie news freedom should be guaranteed. Inspection system should be set up.
Two, these rights, in accordance with the provisions of general legal protection of children, the regulations and the rights of personal fame, restrictions.
Three, research and teaching art and science, is freedom, freedom of teaching may not be exempted from loyalty to the constitution.
Article Sixth
Special protection, marriage and family to the country.
Two, upbringing and education for the children of parents of natural rights, also the highest obligation, the exercise of supervision by the state.
Three, but in raising human rights cannot do their rearing obligation, or for other reasons. When the children have been abandoned, only according to the will raise right violates the law, the child and family separation.
Four, where the mother had asked people to protect and care for the right.
Five, physical and mental development of children born out of wedlock and social status, should be given the same legislation and children born in wedlock.

Article eighth
A, all German per capita has the right to peaceful assembly and carried no weapons, no prior reports or license.
Right two, open meetings to legislation or under the legal limit.
Article ninth
A, all German per capita has the right of association.
The thinker two, association or its activities and criminal law conflict or violates the constitutional order or international understanding, shall be prohibited.

Article eleventh
A, all the Germans in the federal territories are entitled to freedom of migration.
Two, this right only lack sufficient survival foundation and public from the special burden, or to prevent the dangers posed by the federal or state or the free democratic basic principles, or to prevent the epidemic disease, natural disaster or major incidents, or for the protection of children from being abandoned, or for the prevention of crime and the when necessary, in accordance with the legal limit of the beginning.
Article twelfth
A, all German per capita have freedom of choice of occupation, the right of the place of work and place of occupation training, implementation of management in accordance with the law.
Two, no person shall be forced to specific work, but the habit is general and mandatory all equal per capita in public service, the limit.
Three, only by the court forced labor in the deprivation of liberty, which allowed.
Article thirteenth
A residence, shall not be infringed.
Two, the search only the judge ordered, or in case of emergency, by other statutory authorities ordered was for its implementation, and shall be in accordance with legal procedures.
Article fourteenth
One, property rights and the right of inheritance shall be guaranteed, its content and limited by the law.
Two, property rights obligations. The exercise of property rights should also be beneficial to the public welfare.
Three levy, property, must be for the public welfare began to. The execution according to the law, must start to, the law should stipulate the nature and scope of compensation. The compensation decision shall benefit balance the public interest and public relations people. The scope of compensation if a dispute, may bring a lawsuit to the ordinary courts.

Article eighteenth
Any abuse of the freedom of speech, freedom of the press (especially the fifth paragraph 1), freedom of teaching (Fifth Third), freedom of assembly and freedom of Association (eighth), (ninth), letters, mail and Telecommunications secret (tenth), property rights (Fourteenth), or the protection power (sixteenth one of the basic order of attack), free, democratic, should be deprived of such basic rights. These rights deprivation and scope of the Federal Constitutional Court declared by the.
Article nineteenth
One, where the basic rights according to the basic law to legal restrictions, the law should be general, and shall not apply only to particular events, except that the law and should specifically cited the provisions of the restrictions that the fundamental rights.
Two, the basic rights of the content must not be infringed.
Three, basic rights also applies to the domestic legal person, but according to their nature may apply to limited.
Four, the right of any person under a violation, may bring an action. If there is no other authority, to sue to the ordinary courts, but the provisions of article tenth of the second paragraph shall not be affected.

The second chapter of federal and state
Article twentieth
One, the Federal Republic of Germany(Bundesrepublik Deutschland)As a federal state, social democracy.
Two, all state powers come from the people. The power of the state, by people in elections and referendums, and exercised by the legislative, administrative and judicial organs are separate with each other.
Three, legislation should limit the Constitution limits, administrative power and judicial power to the legislative power and the law.
Four, who engaged in the exclusion of the order, such as no other remedy, shall have the right to resist any Germans.
One of twentieth
Countries for future generations, is responsible to the legislation, and according to the provisions of the laws and law through administrative and judicial, the constitutional order within the living environment of nature.
Article twenty-first
A party shall, in people's politics. Political freedom. The organization shall comply with the principles of democracy. Political parties should publicly explain the sources of their funds and property and use.
Two, according to the party and its members behavior, basic order intent to injure or abolish liberty, democracy or intention to harm in the Federal Republic of Germany's, unconstitutional. To the constitutionality of federal constitution, by the decision of the court.
Three, the rules by federal legislation.
Article twenty-second
The union flag is black, red, gold tricolor.
Article twenty-eighth
A, state constitutional order shall be in accordance with the law and social democracy as prescribed in this law, the principle of the republic. States, counties and towns people should have representative organs through general, direct, free, equal and secret elections. In the county and township elections, with the member states of the European Communities of nationality people, according to the regulations of the European Community law, also enjoy the right to vote and
The right to be elected. The village people meeting instead of missions in the township.
Article thirty-first
Federal law is superior to state law.
Article thirty-second
Maintain, foreign relations for federal affairs.
Two, relates to a state treaty to special circumstances, to be concluded as early as possible before the counseling the state.
Three, the state in which the legislative authority, the federal government approved, have to conclude a treaty with a foreign.
Article thirty-third
A, all the German people in the states are of equal citizenship(staatsburgerliche) The rights and obligations.
Two, all the German people should be the appropriate skills and professional achievement, has the same right to hold public office.
Three, civil rights(burgerliche Rechte)And civil rights(staatsburgerliche Rechte)Enjoy the rights and the right to hold public office, and made as the official, has nothing to do with religion. No person shall be due to believe or not to believe in a religion or philosophy(Weltanschauung)And discrimination.
Four, national sovereignty(hoheitsrechtiche Befugnisse)In the exercise, under normal circumstances, should be fixed duties are civil servants, the civil service on the basis of public service, loyalty.
Five, the civil servant law, Should fully consider the occupation of civil servants(Berufsbeamtentum)The traditional principles and provisions of the legal status of.
Article thirty-fourth
Any person delivering of public duties as, such as breach of duty for the opposition to the third position on, the responsibility principle shall be made by the state or the Office organs negative. In case of intent or gross negligence, shall retain the right to claim compensation. On damages and compensation request, may bring a lawsuit to the ordinary courts.

Article thirty-eighth
One, the Federal Parliament(Bundestag)Senator Yi Putong, direct, free, equal and secret elections election. Representatives from all the people, Uninhibited commands and instructions, subject only to the conscience.
The two, who have reached the age of eighteen who have the right to vote, adults have the right to be elected.
Three, the rules by federal law.
Article forty-third
One, the Federal Parliament and the Council have asked the federal government to any person to attend.
Two, the federal Senate, the federal government of prime minister and cabinet and appointed personnel, are all meetings to attend the Federal Parliament and council. The man has always stated right.

Article forty-sixth a, not because of its members in the federal parliament vote or speak, take legal or disciplinary action on the outside, also not responsible for the federal parliament. But this does not apply.
Two, without permission of the Federal Parliament, members shall not be pursued for criminal behavior or arrest, but in flagrante delicto arrest or next day fill this restriction shall not apply to.
Article forty-eighth
A campaign to the Federal Parliament, who has asked for the necessary holiday campaign, right.
Two, no person shall interfere with his duties or executive councillors. And shall not thus dismissal or removal notice.
Two, members have adequate remuneration to maintain their independent rights, member country vehicles travel free on the right. The provisions of these rules by federal law.
Article fifty-first
One, the Senate by the state government appointed and recruitment of the state government committee organization, the senator from other members of the state government representative.
Two, each state shall have at least three of the vote; a population of more than two million of the state should have four votes; a population of more than six million states have five votes; a population of more than seven million states have six votes.
Three senators, each state school and vote the same. The tickets can only collective vote, and only by attending a senator or representative vote.
The fifth chapter president
Article fifty-fourth
One, the federal president(Bundespraesident)By the Federal Assembly(Bundesversammlung)Without this election. The German people who has a federal election and at least forty years of age, have the right to be elected.
Two, the federal presidential term of five years, the selection is limited to one time.
Three, the general assembly by the Federal Parliament and state representative organs according to the proportional representation electoral principles and Federal Parliament represent the same number of organizations.
Article fifty-sixth
Federal president took office, should be prior to the Federal Parliament and the federal Senate set oath, the oath is as follows: "I pledge: willing to promote happiness the German people, promote the interests of the German people from disaster, the German people, upholding the basic law and the laws of the union, loyal, fair. May God worshiping. Pledge "excludes religious oath sworn.
Article sixty-ninth
A federal prime minister, appointed by the federal cabinet Deputy Prime minister.
Position two, Federal Chancellor and federal minister, in any case, should cease with the new federal parliament meeting, federal cabinet position also with the federal Prime Minister post due to other causes termination.
Three, the federal prime minister by the federal president, federal ministers requested Federal Chancellor or president, should continue to carry out its duties to the succession of life.
The ninth chapter justice
Article ninety-second
Judicial power delegated by the federal constitutional court to judge(Bundesverfass- ungsgericht) The basic law, the provisions of the federal courts.(Bundesgerichte)And state courts(Gerichte der Lander)Respectively, the exercise of.

Article ninety-seventh
One, the judge should be the independent exercise of powers, and only obey the law.
The two, the non formal appointment by the court, and according to the legal reasons, in accordance with legal procedures, before the expiration of his term, shall not violate the will be removed, or permanently or temporarily be suspended or transferred, or their retirement.
Legal provisions of tenured judges retirement age. In the court of the organization or its jurisdiction is altered, the judge was transferred to other court or suspended, but shall retain full pay.

Article 102nd
The death penalty should be abolished.
Article 103rd
A, in court accused person, a request for fair trial right.
Two, the punishment behavior, legal acts shall be punished by the limited.
Three any person shall, for the same behavior, and according to the general criminal law punished many times.
Article 104th
One, according to personal freedom and non formal law according to the procedures, shall not be restricted. Detained person, should not to abuse by mental or physical.
Two, but the judge before the judgment whether the deprivation of liberty and the duration of deprivation. The deprivation of such as non according to judge the command, shall immediately request the judge. The police under its authority detention of any person, shall not exceed the end of arrest. The rule by law.
Three, any person guilty of culpable behavior of suspicion, temporarily detained, arrested the next day after to submit the judge, judge should come to arrest, to interrogation, and the opportunity to challenge. The judge issued arrest warrants should be timely, explain the arrest, or order release.
Four, the judge ordered the deprivation of liberty or continuation of deprivation period, should promptly detained the relatives or the trust people.

Article 114th
One, the Federal Minister of finance should be on the next fiscal year, is exempt from federal government responsibility, the budget and balance in the Federal Parliament and the federal senate.
Two, the Federal Audit Office, its members enjoy independence on legal, economic review accounts and budget execution and asset jurisdiction and accuracy. In addition to the federal government, audit bureau shall annually directly to the Federal Parliament and the federal Senate report. The rest of the powers of the Federal Audit Office by federal law.