The basic method of the car accident and the second-hand vehicle identification

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  • / Author: Aaron Lewis

China still has no unified standard for assessment of second-hand car, second-hand car appraisal method for main reference asset evaluation, mainly in accordance with the following five methods:
The replacement cost methodThe income present value methodThe current market price methodThe liquidation rapid depreciation price method in law

 

One, the replacement cost method
   The replacement cost method refers to the purchase of a new state in the present condition is evaluated all the costs required for the vehicle (namely full replacement cost. Referred to as the replacement cost), minus the evaluation an evaluation method of vehicle current prices of all kinds of vehicle obsolescence after the difference as evaluation.
The basic calculation formula:
  (1) was to evaluate the vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost - physical depreciation - functional devaluation - economic depreciation n
  (2) was to evaluate the vehicle evaluation value = cost X new rate n
   Replacement cost is the purchase of a new and be evaluated lowest paid the same vehicle vehicle.
   Replacement cost has two kinds of forms: the replacement cost and replacement cost
  Cost recovery refers to be material in the same vehicle, manufacturing standards, design structure and technical condition, the current price recovery all cost to purchase new vehicles as required. N
  Update cost refers to the use of new materials, new technology, new design standard, all costs have been paid to the new vehicle prices for the same or similar functions. N
  The replacement cost calculation, should choose to update the replacement cost. N
  If there is no update cost, then consider the use of cost recovery. N

(a) the influencing factors of the change of the value of the vehicle:
      (1) physical vehicle depreciation
      (2) functional motor vehicle depreciation
      (3) the economy of motor vehicle depreciation
(1) physical vehicle depreciation
 NAlso called tangible loss of physical depreciation, refers to the vehicle in the storage and use process, the value loss of vehicle entity due to physical and chemical reasons occur, loss is due to the natural force.
(2) functional motor vehicle depreciation
   Functional depreciation is due to the development of science and technology in vehicle depreciation, namely intangible loss. N
(3) the economy of motor vehicle depreciation
 NEconomic depreciation is due to changes in the external economic environment caused by vehicle depreciation.
   The external economic environment, including macroeconomic policy, market demand, inflation, environmental protection etc.. N
 NEffect of external factors on vehicle value is not only the objective existence, and the influence on vehicle value is still quite large, so in the assessment of used cars that can not be ignored.
(two) the replacement cost method of valuation calculation
 N1, valuation model
Model 1: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost substantial devaluation - functional devaluation - economic depreciation
Model 2: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost * new rate
Model 3: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost * NEW * (1 discount)
 NModel 1, in addition to correctly understand the replacement cost and the entities of the old motor vehicle depreciation, also must calculate its functional depreciation and economic depreciation, which is two depreciation factors valuation on the future of old motor vehicle operation cost, revenue and economic life have more accurate grasp, otherwise it is difficult to evaluate the old motor vehicle market value.
 NTherefore, the model 1 let the valuation is too difficult to operate.

   The model 3 is 2 in the model on the basis of minus some discount, to estimate the value of motor vehicles by valuation.
 NModel 3 model 1, considered the influence of various factors of the car value, strong operability.

Estimation method of 2, replacement cost
(1) a replacement cost
 NReplacement cost = direct costs and indirect costs

   Direct cost refers to the purchase of new same models directly can constitute vehicles cost part. N
 NIt includes the purchase price of the current market, plus transportation costs and various taxes and fees to pay for going into the households procedures, such as the vehicle purchase tax, travel tax, a registration fee, insurance fee etc..
 ØIndirect cost refers to the cost of purchase of vehicles can not be directly included in the cost of purchase.
 ØSuch as the acquisition of vehicle management fees, loan interest, special car washing fee, beauty fee, parking management fees.
   In the actual evaluation work, indirect cost is negligible. Ø
(2) estimated replacement cost
   A. direct inquiry n
   B. book cost adjustment method n

A. direct inquiry method
 NDirect inquiry is query the local car market, is the evaluation of vehicle is in new condition under current market price.

B. book cost adjustment method
 NFor those who cannot find from the market to the replacement cost of a vehicle, such as the elimination products or import vehicle, can also according to the auto market price index adjustment to get the old motor vehicle replacement cost.
 NReplacement cost = cost X (Book of original vehicle appraisal day price index / vehicle purchase price index)
Or Replacement cost = book original cost * (1 + vehicle purchase day to day of the appraisal price index)
3, a new method of estimating rate
   New rate refers to the ratio of vehicle condition assessment. N
 NThe old motor vehicle into the new rate is the ratio of the old motor vehicle said function or use value of new motor function or use value.
   It with tangible loss together reflect the two aspects of the same vehicle. N
 NA new rate and tangible loss rate is:
      New rate = 1- tangible loss rate
A new method of estimating rate
   (1) service life method n
 N(2) the comprehensive analysis method
   (3) the mileage method n
   (4) part identification n
   (5) the whole observation method n
   (6) a new method n
(1) service life method
   New rate = (the use of age - have been life), the use of age x 100%n
 NThe vehicle has life refers to the vehicle began to use to evaluate fiducial day time.
   The vehicle shall use fixed number of year refers to the "Regulations" car scrapping standard of life. N
 NConditions have been life is a measure of the normal conditions of use of vehicles and the use of normal strength.
 NIn the practical evaluation, using the service life indicator, special attention should be paid to the actual usage circumstance of the vehicle, rather than a simple calendar days. For example, for some to run two shifts of the vehicle, its actual use of time is two times the normal use of time, so the vehicle has life, should be two times the vehicle from the beginning to use the evaluation base periodday experienced time.

(2) the comprehensive analysis method
 NComprehensive analysis is to use fixed number of year method as the basis, the actual technical condition of vehicle maintenance, comprehensive consideration of many factors, the original vehicle maintenance of manufacturing quality, working conditions and the nature of the work and influence on the value of the used motor vehicle, to adjust coefficient into a new rate method.
New rate = (the use of age - have been life), the use of age * integrated debugging coefficient X 100%
 NComprehensive adjustment coefficient can refer to table 5 2 recommendation data, determined by weighted average method.
Factors to consider the use of comprehensive analysis, appraisal and evaluation of the:
 NThe actual running time, the actual technical condition of vehicle;
   Strength, conditions of use, use and maintenance of vehicles using n
   The original quality of the vehicle; n
 NThrough the vehicle overhaul, accident;
   Vehicle appearance quality. N
 NComprehensive analysis in detail considering various factors used car value, and a comprehensive adjustment coefficient index to adjust the vehicle into the new rate, assessment of the value of higher accuracy, it is suitable for the medium value assessment of second-hand car. This is the old vehicle appraisal is one of the most common methods.

(3) the mileage method
   The vehicle specified mileage is in accordance with the provisions of "automobile scrapping standard" mileage. (the old standard of 450000 km) n
 NThis method and the service life was similar, in accordance with the mileage method to calculate the new rate, must be combined with the old motor vehicle itself condition, physical loss judgment odometer records and actual old motor vehicle compliance, prevent the human error caused by the change of the odometer.
   The odometer is easy to change, therefore, in the actual application, less use of this method. N

(4) component identification method
 NComponent identification method (also known as the technical appraisal method) is the assessment of second-hand car, according to the part of the importance and value of the vehicle to the size of the weighted score, finally into a new rate method.
The basic steps for:
   The vehicle is divided into several parts, each part of the vehicle according to the construction cost of construction cost proportion, determine the weights according to a certain percentage. N
   The n of every part in the new vehicle function as the standard, if a part of functions and new vehicle corresponding portion of the same function, the new rate into the part was 100%; if a part of the complete loss of function, the new rate into the part for 0.
 NThe according to the new rate into each part is in some parts, respectively, and multiplying the weights of each part, which is a part of the right into the new rate.
   The n will each part right into the new power sum, by evaluating new rate vehicles get.

   In the actual assessment, according to the different parts in vehicle value accounts for the proportion of vehicle value, adjusting the weight of each part. N
 NComponent identification method is time-consuming and laborious, vehicle weight of each component is difficult to grasp, but the evaluation values are more close to the objective reality, high reliability. It considers both the tangible loss of vehicle, the vehicle repair or replacement, due to changes in the value of the additional investment vehicle.
 NThis method is generally used for the assessment of the value of higher vehicle prices.

(5) the whole observation method
 NThe observation method is mainly through the detection of field observation and technical evaluation staff, identification, classification of evaluation of the technical condition of vehicles, to determine a new rate method.
 NThe whole observation method should be technical index observation, detection or collection includes:
 NThe technical state of vehicle; vehicle use time and mileage; the main failure experience and overhaul of the vehicle; the vehicle appearance and integrity.
 NThe new rate using vehicle observation method to estimate vehicle, assessment of the personnel must have certain professional level and considerable experience of evaluation. This is the use of the method of observation that determines the vehicle into the basic premise of the new rate.
 NThe observation judgment results no component identification method is accurate, generally used in low value of the vehicle into a preliminary estimate, the new rate, or as the vehicle into the new rate reference using the integrated analysis method.
Five types of applications into the new rate estimation method
   To evaluate the use of age, mileage method is generally applicable to the value lower vehicle; n
 NEvaluation of comprehensive analysis method is generally applicable to the medium value of the vehicle;
   Evaluation of motor vehicle parts identification method is applicable to the higher value of n
 NAnd the whole observation rules is mainly used for preliminary estimation of low value, the old motor vehicle, or as a comprehensive analysis, appraisal and one of the main factors to consider.

(6) a new rate method
 NThe driving age, mileage method and component identification method (also known as the technical identification method) the new rate calculated by the three methods are called life into the new rate, mileage of new rate and field investigation into the new rate. The three new rate calculation only considered one factors of the old motor vehicle. So how old they reflect the vehicle, is not completely is not complete.
 NIn order to reflect the new state of the old motor vehicle, in our evaluation of the old motor vehicle, can be integrated into the new rate to reflect how old the old motor vehicle, the use of life into the new rate, mileage of new rate and field investigation into the new rate are endowed with different weight, weighted three the average depreciation rate. In this way, it can minimize the error using single factor into the new rate calculation to the evaluation result. So it is a more scientific method.
 NThe mathematical formula is as follows:
   Integrated into the new rate N=N1 * 40%+N2 * 60%n
Among them:
   N1 vehicle theory into a new rate; students
 ØN2 is the motor vehicle field investigation into the new rate;
      N1= is 1 × 50%+ η 2 x 50%
   η 1 for motor vehicle use fixed number of year into the new rate Ø
      ETA 1 = (motor vehicle the use of age - have been life), motor vehicle the use of age x 100%

 ETA 2 motor vehicles into the new rate Ø
      ETA 2 = (motor vehicle regulations mileage - mileage), motor vehicle regulations mileage x 100%
   N2 by the assessment staff based on the site survey to determine the. Ø

 NVisible, a new rate, must be based on the field survey, verification based. The actual operation, the main content is to assess basic conditions, the technical condition of vehicles and the survey identified conclusion compiled "Questionnaire" vehicle, by the assessment staff survey after completing.
   The "vehicle into the new rate evaluation form", can according to the vehicle into a new rating table, determine the comprehensive new rate. N
Example: the use of a new method to evaluate the vehicle
   A new rate of N: n N=N1 * 40%+N2 * 60%
   =91% * 40%+83% * 60%
   =36.4%+49.8%=86.2%

4, to estimate the discount rate
 NEstimation method of the new rate is usually considered a factor, the new rate such as service life calculation method only considers the effect of age factor on substantive loss of vehicle. Mileage method only considers the loss mileage factors, component identification method while considering the loss of the various components, but did not fully take into account the influence of the vehicle mileage and value of life, so if the formula: value = cost X new rate directly on the vehicle value assessment, is obviously inaccurate. In order to avoid the single factor into the new rate calculation, we use a discount rate to measure the value of other factors influence on vehicle size.

   Estimating discount rate based on market supply and demand, the same models of macroeconomic policies and price changes on future expectations and market implementation difficulty and other factors, to judge by the old motor vehicle valuer according to experience of evaluation.

 

Two, income present value method
   (a) income present value method n
  1, the definition of
   Current income is the vehicle will be evaluated expected remaining life in the period, the discount as baseline value, to determine a vehicle value assessment method. N
 NThat is to say, the present value here is regarded as the vehicle evaluation value, but value depends upon the determination of expected future earnings.
  2, the principle of
 NFrom the principle of speaking, income present value method is based on the fact, that people share a vehicle, is mainly on account of this car can bring certain benefits for their own. If a vehicle is expected to small, vehicle price will not be higher; and vice vehicle price must be high. The investors purchase of vehicles, the general to carry out feasibility analysis, the expected internal rate of return of the currency of payment amount to buy vehicles will only over when assessing the discount rate. It should be noted that, using the income present value method for assessment, is the vehicle put into use after continuous profit based. In the motor vehicle transaction, people buy objective is often not in the vehicle itself, but the vehicle profit ability.
  3, application
   The method is particularly suitable for investment and operation of vehicles.
(two) calculation of the value of the discounted income method
 NUse the income to assess the value of a vehicle that reflects a layer of meaning: income present value method for the vehicle owner earnings expectations into present value, this value is the future purchasers can get good value.

   When the expected future income inequality, application the following formula: u

   When the expected future income was equivalent to u

 NFor example: some companies will be a Moshan card 10 seat bus transfer, an individual industrial and commercial households will prepare the car for passenger operations. According to the provisions of the national "automobile scrapping standard", the remaining service life of 3 years, 3 years after the prediction that the expected return data are as follows:
(three) to determine the evaluation parameters of the present value method
   1, the residual u was determined using the life cycle
 NThe remaining service life of futures from evaluate fiducial day reaching retirement to the vehicle's life. If the residual service life estimation is too long, will overestimate the vehicle price; on the contrary, it will underestimate the price. Therefore, must according to the actual condition of vehicle to make correct assessment of the remaining life.
 NFor all kinds of cars, the parameters according to the "automobile scrapping standard" is very convenient.
2, to determine the expected income
   Income approach application, determine the income is the key. N
 NIncome refers to the assessed object generated in the using process of the excess balance over the value of its own.
   To determine the expected income should grasp the two points: P
 Ø(1) the expected income refers to bring future income expectation value of vehicle use, is obtained through the analysis of prediction. Both for the owners or purchasers, judge whether the value of a vehicle, should first determine whether the vehicle will bring benefits. The earnings judgment, is not only the profit ability, more important is to forecast future profitability.

   (2) metering income index, to the enterprise as an example, there are several points: Ø
      First, the enterprise income tax profit;
 NSecond, the enterprise income tax profit and depreciation of the sum of the net investment;
   Third, total profit. N
   For the estimation of convenient, recommended to choose the first view, to accurately reflect the expected income. Y
3, to determine the discount rate
   The discount rate is the expected future earnings to convert into the current ratio. It is a kind of specific conditions of the rate of return, the vehicles have the earnings yield levels.
 NThe higher rate of return, means of value-added rate of assets to higher income, in certain circumstances, the owner has the value of the assets is lower.

   In the measurement of the discount rate must consider the influence of risk factors, otherwise, it may overestimate the value of a vehicle.
   In general, the discount rate should include no risk factors from two aspects of the risk return rate and the risk rate of return. N
   The discount rate = risk free rate of return and risk rate of return
The difference between the discount rate and interest rate
 NThe discount rate and the interest rate is not exactly the same, the interest rate is the capital return, the discount rate is the management remuneration.
 NThe interest rate of only assets (capital) their profitability, and conditions of use, occupancy and use no direct contact; the discount rate and the vehicle owner use and effect.

 NThe discount rate is generally not well defined. The principle should not lower than the national bank deposit interest rates.
   So in the practical application, if other factors are not well defined, desirable discount rate = interest rate. N
Evaluation 4, income present value method program
   (1) investigation, understand the operation of the vehicle management market, consumption structure and operation of the vehicle. N
 N(2) fully investigated and understood the situation and technical condition evaluation of vehicle.
   (3) according to the survey, to know the results, forecast the vehicle's expected return, to determine the discount rate. N
 N(4) the expected discounted treatment, determine the old motor vehicle evaluation value.
The advantages and disadvantages of the 5, income present value method
 N(1) the advantages of present value method is: ① and investment decision combination, easy to be accepted by traders; ② can truly and accurately reflect the vehicle capitalization price.
 N(2) the present value of income method shortcoming is: the amount of expected profit forecast is difficult, affected by the subjective judgment of the strong and the future unpredictable factors.
An example
 NSomeone intends to purchase a new Santana car as individual taxi business use, the following data obtained by investigation and case:
 NVehicle registration date is 1997 April, has the mileage is 13000 km, the vehicle condition is good, can the normal operation. As for rental use, annual attendance of 300 days, the daily average gross income 450 yuan. The benchmark date is 1999 February. Estimation of the vehicle using income approach value.

 NFrom the analysis of vehicle registration date to evaluate fiducial day to check, the vehicle has been put into operation for 2 years. According to the mileage and the exterior of the vehicle and the engine technical condition, the original vehicle in the rental business, normal use, maintenance list. According to the relevant provisions of the state and the situation of the vehicle, the vehicle remaining service life of 6 years.
 NRevenue is expected to determine the amount of the idea is: the various taxes and fees a year gross income minus the vehicle use, including the drivers of service charges, in order to calculate the after tax net profit.
 NAccording to the current bank savings interest rate, national bonds, industry income situation, determine the expected rate of return of 15% funds, risk return rate of 5%, the specific calculation steps are as follows:

 N(1) the remaining useful life of the vehicle is determined 6 years
   (2) to estimate the vehicle expected: n
   1) expected annual income: 450 * 300 = 135000 yuan
  2) expected annual expenditure: n
 The daily consumption of 75 yuan, annual fuel consumption for 75 * 300 = 22500 yuan n
 The daily repair costs  12000 yuan n
N average cost of overhaul 8000 yuan
 The license, insurance, road maintenance fees and fees, and fees 30000 yuan n
 The personnel services  15000 yuan n
N the standard pay taxi  6000 yuan
 ⑦ the annual gross income is ten thousand yuan n: 13.5-2.25-1.2-0.8-3.0-1.5-0.6=4.15

N the provisions of income in the 3 to 50000 yuan per person income tax regulations, it shall pay income tax rate of 30%.
   The annual net income of the vehicle: 4.15 x (1-30%) =2.9 million
N (3) to determine the discount rate
   The remaining service life of 6 years, the funds are expected to yield 15%, coupled with the risk rate of 5%, so the discount rate is 20%.
   (4) evaluation calculation values of vehicle
   The net income per year of the same assumptions, the income present value method formula to calculate the income present value, namely the assessment value.

 

Three, the current market method
 NCurrent market price method and comparative market method, market price method, refers to the comparison is to evaluate the vehicle and recently sold and similar vehicles, and similar vehicles market price adjustment, so as to determine the evaluation an evaluation method of vehicle value.
 NThe current market method is a kind of evaluation method is the most direct, simple.
The basic idea of this method is:
 NThrough the market survey to select one or several and evaluation of vehicle the same or similar vehicles as a reference, analysis of reference structure, function, performance, new and old, regional differences, trading conditions and prices, and one one in the control and evaluation of vehicle comparison, find out the difference and the difference reflected in price. The difference, after the adjustment, calculate the old motor vehicle prices.
(a) the current market method application prerequisite
   1, the need for a fully developed, active trading market of used motor vehicles, there is reference fully desirable. N
 N2, reference and assessed by a vehicle with comparable index, technical parameters, data can be collected, and the factors affecting the value of clear, quantifiable.
(two) to evaluate the current market method steps
 N1, the vehicle identification is evaluated
   2, selection of reference n
   3, the difference is the evaluation of vehicle and reference, comparison between quantitative and adjustment of n
 N4, summary of the differences between the quantization value, calculated the evaluation values of vehicle
   1, the vehicle identification is evaluated
 NVehicle data collection was evaluated, including vehicle category, name, type etc.. To understand the usage circumstance of the vehicle use, current, and the vehicle performance, and how new technology necessary for identification, to evaluate the main parameters of vehicles, provide the basis for market data collection and selection of reference.
   2, selection of reference
   In accordance with the principle of comparability selected reference. N
 NVehicle comparable factors mainly include: categories, types, purpose, structure, performance, new and old, the number of transactions, transaction time, payment terms etc..
   Selection of reference in general should be more than two. N
   3, the difference is the evaluation of vehicle and reference, comparison between quantitative and adjustment
   By assessing various between the vehicle and the reference comparable factors, as far as possible to be quantified, adjustment. Specific include: n
 N(1) to quantify the time difference.
   (2) to quantify the performance differences of the vehicle. N
   (3) to quantify the degree of difference between the new and the old. N
 N(4) quantify the difference between sales amount, payment method.
(1) to quantify the time difference
 NIn the selection of reference, should as far as possible to choose the transaction in the baseline case, quantization step so as not to sell the time allowed.
 NIf the reference transaction time before valuation date, can use the index adjustment method will sell the time difference quantization and make adjustment.
(2) to quantify the performance differences of the vehicle
 NSpecific performance of vehicle performance difference was the vehicle operating costs.
   By calculating the excess operating costs will be the performance differences quantization. N
(3) to quantify the degree of difference between the new and the old
 NBy the evaluation of vehicle and reference in the new old degree may not be completely consistent, the reference is not new. It requires assessors to quantify was to assess differences vehicle and reference recency.
 NThe difference amount = price x (by reference to evaluate the vehicle into a new rate reference into the new rate)
(4) quantify the difference between sales amount, payment method
 NSales amount, the payment will affect the price of the vehicle.
   The sales volume variances adjustment with discounted future earnings solution; n
 NDifferences on payment adjustment, was to evaluate the vehicle is usually a one-time payment for the hypothesis, if the reference made on the installment plan, can according to the current bank interest rates will each instalment amount discount accumulation, can be a one-time payment of the total.
   4, summary of the differences between the quantization value, calculated the evaluation values of vehicle
   To quantify the differences in factor values are aggregated, evaluation are given values of vehicle. The mathematical expressions for: n
      The value of a vehicle is evaluated = reference current value x ∑ difference
      Or: is to evaluate the vehicle value = reference current price * difference adjustment coefficient

 NEvaluated with the method, understand the market situation is very important, and to fully understand the situation, more to understand, assess the accuracy is high, which is the key to market evaluation.
 NUsing the market price to buy second-hand car trading enterprises to establish all kinds of second-hand car technology, transaction parameter database, in order to improve the evaluation efficiency.

 NEvaluation of market price already contains a variety of the vehicle depreciation factors, including tangible loss devaluation, depreciation and economic depreciation function.
   So market evaluation is no longer a special computing depreciation and economic depreciation. N
(three) the advantages and disadvantages of the current market price
Advantages of 1, current market price method
   (1) can objectively reflect the current market situation of old motor vehicles, the evaluation parameters, index, obtained directly from the market, market price can reflect the real value.
   (2) the results are easy to understand and accept the terms.
2, the current market method's shortcomings
 N(1) the need to open and active market as the basis. But our old motor vehicle market has just been established, are not fully developed, not perfect, there are certain difficulties for reference.
 N(2) than many complicated factors, even the same manufacturers of the same type products, the same day registration, used by different owners, the intensity of use, conditions of use, maintenance and other factors, the body loss, new old degree each are not identical.
(four) application of current market value method
 NCurrent market price assessment personnel with rich experience, familiar with the assessment process, the vehicle identification methods and market situation, the current market evaluation time will be very short, therefore, especially suitable for batch acquisition, identification and pawn.
 NSingle acquisition valuation, but also for a supply of sth., reach a mutually acceptable price.
(five) the case analysis
1, sales volume quantitative adjustment
 NExample: there are 6 identical vehicles for sale. After investigation, the vehicles in the area on the market only sold 2 cars per year on average. So in order to meet the requirements of the buyer, the seller agreed to the price to sell 6 cars at once. While your choice of recent transactions reference single car sells for 40000 yuan. The current market value evaluation method of the 6 car.
 NEvaluation is as follows:

   (1) direct sale to reference price, every car 40000 yuan. Annual sales of 2 cars, can be sales revenue
   2 * 40000 = 80000 yuan
   (2) the remaining 4 cars such as the yearly sales, after 2 years to be sold. The car every 40000 yuan, the reference price as the standard, the future annual sales 80000 yuan. On this basis, the present value of the conversion of 4 cars, the applicable discount rate is 10%.
   (3) this is actually a problem of discounted future income. According to the present value of expected future earnings method formula, present value can be calculated for 4 cars

   (4) evaluation of the 6 car at the same time the sale value
   80000 yuan +138843 yuan = 218843 yuan
Application of 2, the current market evaluation
 NExample: personnel evaluation evaluation of a car in, choose three recent transactions with the evaluation of vehicle categories, the structure is basically the same, economic and technological parameters of similar vehicles as a reference.

(3) a new rate difference
  1) A car and evaluate the vehicle due to differences arising from new proportion rate difference
        RMB 50000 * (70% - 60%) = 5000 yuan
  2) B car and evaluate the vehicle due to differences arising from new proportion rate difference
        RMB 65000 * (70% - 75%) = -3250
  3) C car and evaluate the vehicle due to differences arising from new proportion rate difference
        RMB 40000 * (70% - 55%) = 6000 yuan

3 according to the evaluation result difference between the vehicle and the reference object, determine the vehicle's evaluation value
   (1) preliminary determine the vehicle's evaluation value
     1) compared with the reference A analysis to adjust the balance, the preliminary evaluation for
   Vehicle to assess the value of = 50000 yuan +1500 yuan +2095 yuan +5000 yuan =58595 yuan
     2) compared with the reference B analysis to adjust the balance, the preliminary evaluation for
   Vehicle to assess the value of = 65000 yuan +550 yuan -9270 yuan -3250 yuan =53030 yuan
     3) compared with the reference C analysis to adjust the balance, the preliminary evaluation for
   Vehicle to assess the value of = 40000 yuan +2000 yuan +17628 yuan +6000 yuan =65628 yuan

 

 

Four, the liquidation price method

 


Liquidation price method: Liquidation price method is the liquidation price as the standard, to appraise the price of second-hand vehicle. Clearing price is refers to the enterprise because of bankruptcy or other reasons, in a certain period of time the vehicle liquidation. In the liquidation of the enterprise, the expected rapid liquidation price to sell the vehicle Recyclable.

The basic methods of used car evaluation

 



China still has no unified standard for assessment of second-hand car, second-hand car appraisal method for main reference asset evaluation, mainly in accordance with the following five methods:
The replacement cost methodThe income present value methodThe current market price methodThe liquidation rapid depreciation price method in law

 

One, the replacement cost method
   The replacement cost method refers to the purchase of a new state in the present condition is evaluated all the costs required for the vehicle (namely full replacement cost. Referred to as the replacement cost), minus the evaluation an evaluation method of vehicle current prices of all kinds of vehicle obsolescence after the difference as evaluation.
The basic calculation formula:
  (1) was to evaluate the vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost - physical depreciation - functional devaluation - economic depreciation n
  (2) was to evaluate the vehicle evaluation value = cost X new rate n
   Replacement cost is the purchase of a new and be evaluated lowest paid the same vehicle vehicle.
   Replacement cost has two kinds of forms: the replacement cost and replacement cost
  Cost recovery refers to be material in the same vehicle, manufacturing standards, design structure and technical condition, the current price recovery all cost to purchase new vehicles as required. N
  Update cost refers to the use of new materials, new technology, new design standard, all costs have been paid to the new vehicle prices for the same or similar functions. N
  The replacement cost calculation, should choose to update the replacement cost. N
  If there is no update cost, then consider the use of cost recovery. N

(a) the influencing factors of the change of the value of the vehicle:
      (1) physical vehicle depreciation
      (2) functional motor vehicle depreciation
      (3) the economy of motor vehicle depreciation
(1) physical vehicle depreciation
 NAlso called tangible loss of physical depreciation, refers to the vehicle in the storage and use process, the value loss of vehicle entity due to physical and chemical reasons occur, loss is due to the natural force.
(2) functional motor vehicle depreciation
   Functional depreciation is due to the development of science and technology in vehicle depreciation, namely intangible loss. N
(3) the economy of motor vehicle depreciation
 NEconomic depreciation is due to changes in the external economic environment caused by vehicle depreciation.
   The external economic environment, including macroeconomic policy, market demand, inflation, environmental protection etc.. N
 NEffect of external factors on vehicle value is not only the objective existence, and the influence on vehicle value is still quite large, so in the assessment of used cars that can not be ignored.
(two) the replacement cost method of valuation calculation
 N1, valuation model
Model 1: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost substantial devaluation - functional devaluation - economic depreciation
Model 2: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost * new rate
Model 3: evaluation of vehicle evaluation value = replacement cost * NEW * (1 discount)
 NModel 1, in addition to correctly understand the replacement cost and the entities of the old motor vehicle depreciation, also must calculate its functional depreciation and economic depreciation, which is two depreciation factors valuation on the future of old motor vehicle operation cost, revenue and economic life have more accurate grasp, otherwise it is difficult to evaluate the old motor vehicle market value.
 NTherefore, the model 1 let the valuation is too difficult to operate.

   The model 3 is 2 in the model on the basis of minus some discount, to estimate the value of motor vehicles by valuation.
 NModel 3 model 1, considered the influence of various factors of the car value, strong operability.

Estimation method of 2, replacement cost
(1) a replacement cost
 NReplacement cost = direct costs and indirect costs

   Direct cost refers to the purchase of new same models directly can constitute vehicles cost part. N
 NIt includes the purchase price of the current market, plus transportation costs and various taxes and fees to pay for going into the households procedures, such as the vehicle purchase tax, travel tax, a registration fee, insurance fee etc..
 ØIndirect cost refers to the cost of purchase of vehicles can not be directly included in the cost of purchase.
 ØSuch as the acquisition of vehicle management fees, loan interest, special car washing fee, beauty fee, parking management fees.
   In the actual evaluation work, indirect cost is negligible. Ø
(2) estimated replacement cost
   A. direct inquiry n
   B. book cost adjustment method n

A. direct inquiry method
 NDirect inquiry is query the local car market, is the evaluation of vehicle is in new condition under current market price.

B. book cost adjustment method
 NFor those who cannot find from the market to the replacement cost of a vehicle, such as the elimination products or import vehicle, can also according to the auto market price index adjustment to get the old motor vehicle replacement cost.
 NReplacement cost = cost X (Book of original vehicle appraisal day price index / vehicle purchase price index)
Or Replacement cost = book original cost * (1 + vehicle purchase day to day of the appraisal price index)
3, a new method of estimating rate
   New rate refers to the ratio of vehicle condition assessment. N
 NThe old motor vehicle into the new rate is the ratio of the old motor vehicle said function or use value of new motor function or use value.
   It with tangible loss together reflect the two aspects of the same vehicle. N
 NA new rate and tangible loss rate is:
      New rate = 1- tangible loss rate
A new method of estimating rate
   (1) service life method n
 N(2) the comprehensive analysis method
   (3) the mileage method n
   (4) part identification n
   (5) the whole observation method n
   (6) a new method n
(1) service life method
   New rate = (the use of age - have been life), the use of age x 100%n
 NThe vehicle has life refers to the vehicle began to use to evaluate fiducial day time.
   The vehicle shall use fixed number of year refers to the "Regulations" car scrapping standard of life. N
 NConditions have been life is a measure of the normal conditions of use of vehicles and the use of normal strength.
 NIn the practical evaluation, using the service life indicator, special attention should be paid to the actual usage circumstance of the vehicle, rather than a simple calendar days. For example, for some to run two shifts of the vehicle, its actual use of time is two times the normal use of time, so the vehicle has life, should be two times the vehicle from the beginning to use the evaluation base periodday experienced time.

(2) the comprehensive analysis method
 NComprehensive analysis is to use fixed number of year method as the basis, the actual technical condition of vehicle maintenance, comprehensive consideration of many factors, the original vehicle maintenance of manufacturing quality, working conditions and the nature of the work and influence on the value of the used motor vehicle, to adjust coefficient into a new rate method.
New rate = (the use of age - have been life), the use of age * integrated debugging coefficient X 100%
 NComprehensive adjustment coefficient can refer to table 5 2 recommendation data, determined by weighted average method.
Factors to consider the use of comprehensive analysis, appraisal and evaluation of the:
 NThe actual running time, the actual technical condition of vehicle;
   Strength, conditions of use, use and maintenance of vehicles using n
   The original quality of the vehicle; n
 NThrough the vehicle overhaul, accident;
   Vehicle appearance quality. N
 NComprehensive analysis in detail considering various factors used car value, and a comprehensive adjustment coefficient index to adjust the vehicle into the new rate, assessment of the value of higher accuracy, it is suitable for the medium value assessment of second-hand car. This is the old vehicle appraisal is one of the most common methods.

(3) the mileage method
   The vehicle specified mileage is in accordance with the provisions of "automobile scrapping standard" mileage. (the old standard of 450000 km) n
 NThis method and the service life was similar, in accordance with the mileage method to calculate the new rate, must be combined with the old motor vehicle itself condition, physical loss judgment odometer records and actual old motor vehicle compliance, prevent the human error caused by the change of the odometer.
   The odometer is easy to change, therefore, in the actual application, less use of this method. N

(4) component identification method
 NComponent identification method (also known as the technical appraisal method) is the assessment of second-hand car, according to the part of the importance and value of the vehicle to the size of the weighted score, finally into a new rate method.
The basic steps for:
   The vehicle is divided into several parts, each part of the vehicle according to the construction cost of construction cost proportion, determine the weights according to a certain percentage. N
   The n of every part in the new vehicle function as the standard, if a part of functions and new vehicle corresponding portion of the same function, the new rate into the part was 100%; if a part of the complete loss of function, the new rate into the part for 0.
 NThe according to the new rate into each part is in some parts, respectively, and multiplying the weights of each part, which is a part of the right into the new rate.
   The n will each part right into the new power sum, by evaluating new rate vehicles get.

   In the actual assessment, according to the different parts in vehicle value accounts for the proportion of vehicle value, adjusting the weight of each part. N
 NComponent identification method is time-consuming and laborious, vehicle weight of each component is difficult to grasp, but the evaluation values are more close to the objective reality, high reliability. It considers both the tangible loss of vehicle, the vehicle repair or replacement, due to changes in the value of the additional investment vehicle.
 NThis method is generally used for the assessment of the value of higher vehicle prices.

(5) the whole observation method
 NThe observation method is mainly through the detection of field observation and technical evaluation staff, identification, classification of evaluation of the technical condition of vehicles, to determine a new rate method.
 NThe whole observation method should be technical index observation, detection or collection includes:
 NThe technical state of vehicle; vehicle use time and mileage; the main failure experience and overhaul of the vehicle; the vehicle appearance and integrity.
 NThe new rate using vehicle observation method to estimate vehicle, assessment of the personnel must have certain professional level and considerable experience of evaluation. This is the use of the method of observation that determines the vehicle into the basic premise of the new rate.
 NThe observation judgment results no component identification method is accurate, generally used in low value of the vehicle into a preliminary estimate, the new rate, or as the vehicle into the new rate reference using the integrated analysis method.
Five types of applications into the new rate estimation method
   To evaluate the use of age, mileage method is generally applicable to the value lower vehicle; n
 NEvaluation of comprehensive analysis method is generally applicable to the medium value of the vehicle;
   Evaluation of motor vehicle parts identification method is applicable to the higher value of n
 NAnd the whole observation rules is mainly used for preliminary estimation of low value, the old motor vehicle, or as a comprehensive analysis, appraisal and one of the main factors to consider.

(6) a new rate method
 NThe driving age, mileage method and component identification method (also known as the technical identification method) the new rate calculated by the three methods are called life into the new rate, mileage of new rate and field investigation into the new rate. The three new rate calculation only considered one factors of the old motor vehicle. So how old they reflect the vehicle, is not completely is not complete.
 NIn order to reflect the new state of the old motor vehicle, in our evaluation of the old motor vehicle, can be integrated into the new rate to reflect how old the old motor vehicle, the use of life into the new rate, mileage of new rate and field investigation into the new rate are endowed with different weight, weighted three the average depreciation rate. In this way, it can minimize the error using single factor into the new rate calculation to the evaluation result. So it is a more scientific method.
 NThe mathematical formula is as follows:
   Integrated into the new rate N=N1 * 40%+N2 * 60%n
Among them:
   N1 vehicle theory into a new rate; students
 ØN2 is the motor vehicle field investigation into the new rate;
      N1= is 1 × 50%+ η 2 x 50%
   η 1 for motor vehicle use fixed number of year into the new rate Ø
      ETA 1 = (motor vehicle the use of age - have been life), motor vehicle the use of age x 100%
   ETA 2 motor vehicles into the new rate Ø
      ETA 2 = (motor vehicle regulations mileage - mileage), motor vehicle regulations mileage x 100%
   N2 by the assessment staff based on the site survey to determine the. Ø

 NVisible, a new rate, must be based on the field survey, verification based. The actual operation, the main content is to assess basic conditions, the technical condition of vehicles and the survey identified conclusion compiled "Questionnaire" vehicle, by the assessment staff survey after completing.
   The "vehicle into the new rate evaluation form", can according to the vehicle into a new rating table, determine the comprehensive new rate. N
Example: the use of a new method to evaluate the vehicle
   A new rate of N: n N=N1 * 40%+N2 * 60%
   =91% * 40%+83% * 60%
   =36.4%+49.8%=86.2%

4, to estimate the discount rate
 NEstimation method of the new rate is usually considered a factor, the new rate such as service life calculation method only considers the effect of age factor on substantive loss of vehicle. Mileage method only considers the loss mileage factors, component identification method while considering the loss of the various components, but did not fully take into account the influence of the vehicle mileage and value of life, so if the formula: value = cost X new rate directly on the vehicle value assessment, is obviously inaccurate. In order to avoid the single factor into the new rate calculation, we use a discount rate to measure the value of other factors influence on vehicle size.

   Estimating discount rate based on market supply and demand, the same models of macroeconomic policies and price changes on future expectations and market implementation difficulty and other factors, to judge by the old motor vehicle valuer according to experience of evaluation.