Study of employment and distribution problems of institutions in China

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            Study of employment and distribution problems of institutions in China

 

             Zheng Yanqi Zhang Xian

 

 

   [Abstract] in order to have "the cause of the preparation of" watershed "plan track", "market track" labor and distribution problems, in our institution especially widespread social commonweal career. Problems such as inadequate in employment caused by the dual personality of unequal, unequal pay for equal work, social security, according to the spirit of the law violates the principle of distribution and equal pay for equal work, can easily make the class solidification and triggered a class contradiction, seriously affected the development of society and economy, the erosion of social harmony. Hu Jintao "in2010The national labor models and advanced workers commendation congress "pointed out the direction of reform:" to the development of harmonious labor relations, establish and improve the coordination mechanism for labor relations, improve the labor protection mechanism, so that the majority of workers achieve decent work."^[1]Obviously, reflection from the ideological concept, establish and perfect the regulations and the arrangement of the income distribution system, strengthening the government's execution, deepening the institution and personnel system reform, promote social fairness and justice, is the effective way of solving China's institutions of labor and distribution of diameter.

  [keyword] institutions labor distribution reform

 [author] (Zheng Yanqi1957.02~) Shandong Tai'an Oriental Institute of the Shandong University of Finance research direction management271000

   Zhang Xian.1965.08~Shandong province) female employment in Tai'an City Management Office of Daiyue District of Shandong chief of Tai'an 271000

    One, foreword

    "Plan track" and "market track" dual labor, assignment problem, generally exists in our institutions and power, financial monopoly, especially in social welfare institutions for a wide range of the most representative. Our country institution to occupy "the cause of the preparation of" watershed "establishment (plan track)", "the preparation of (market track)" labor and distribution, resulting in the personality of unequal, unequal pay for equal work, the basic social security in place of shortage. No doubt, our institutions of labor and distribution of double track system, which is unfair, unreasonable also, contrary to the spirit of the law of socialist distribution according to work and equal pay for equal work principle. Our institutions recruitment and allocation of the "dual track", from "social welfare" righteousness, separates the social justice, social harmony, but also easy to cause the social contradiction, has become a very sensitive, very important, non social problems can not be changed.

   Institutions in china,1998Years of the promulgation of the "Interim Regulations on Administration of the registration of institutions", positioning of the institutions of the "national social welfare purposes in order to set up social service organizations, organized by the state agencies or other organizations to use state-owned assets held". Therefore, experts are translated into"Public Service Unit"(public service). A total of institutions in China130More than 10000, practitioners3000Million people, involving many areas of science, forestry and water, radio and television, press and publication etc.. According to the classification management organization management department of Party committee, our institutions to support, administrative public welfare, management and service the three major classes^[2]. Administrative support for the politics does not divide, operating services for business not even criticized. With the deepening of the reform of institutions in China, administrative support institutions, some due to perform administrative functions and turned to "the civil service management" units; operating services institutions, a considerable number of transformed into enterprise management. Therefore, the subject of institutions in China is a typical social and public welfare, public services, such as education, health, agricultural technology services, and this type of institution and the number of employees were accounted for the total number of employees in public institutions, the total number of70%Above. Its main feature is, in the provision of public service products for the society at the same time, because of the financial support for the "balance", allows the unit to collect service costs (commonly known as the "income"), and thus a certain income; in the use of the people, mainly by the party organization management implement "real name system" personnel management and the government departments of human resources and social security personnel administrative relationship management. That is to say, in one aspect, our country's social welfare institutions for human rights seldom can even say no. Therefore, research and analysis of the public institutions of the dual labor, assignment problem, to deepen the reform of our institutions, has the very strong representative and important social significance. This paper will discuss the social welfare institutions as the focal point, the text of the "institutions" generally refers to the social welfare institutions.

    Two, China's public institutions employment and allocation situation

   The characteristics of China's public institutions are constrained by the organization management and "balance of financial allocation", with its seek "income" of desire and the social overall human resource supply, causing such institutions in employment, the form of complex and diverse, distribution "" in preparation, heterodyne distance, the more prominent contradictions.

   (a) "in the staff" and "plan track" labor and distribution

  Our institution with the general procedure is: people with the competent department of planning by the employing unit reporting, and then by the competent department and reported to the Party Committee Organization Department for examination and approval. Implementation of public recruitment, by the government departments of human resources and social security oriented society, organization open enrollment, examination (written examination, interview, hiring). The employer is the passive "and" receive. Some places also gives employers a certain human rights, such as the introduction of highly educated, high title personnel, power to the employing unit selection, and then perform the procedure. In this way, can become the "establishment" members "in the series of" personnel or.

  Distribution of institutions in China, in the staff by the State Department of human resources and social security issued the wage standards, in principle by the pay performance wage, post wage. Generally in accordance with the administrative personnel (such as the principal of the school, hospital director), professional and technical personnel (such as a professor, chief physician), logistics service personnel (a part of the traditional concept of "workers" Post) management, distribution. The state finance department and some by staffing allocation (commonly known as the "reward"), some fixed period fixed amount of funding (commonly known as "fixed funding"), but the institutions of a considerable part of the financial sector, not to all the expenses, wages, financial allocation can only meet part of the expenditure (that is, "the difference between the funding") part of the problem, then, by the "income" to solve.

   "In the series", means "status", means that the wage income of "security" and the rich. "In the series," the political "status" high. "In the series" is the unit of people, political progress (such as join the League), promotion, title evaluation, selection, to participate in the democratic management of advanced units, is and should be "registered", in the range of. Said popular point, even for objects, institutions "will also in the series of" being a high look. "In the series," security in the economic. One is the general wage protection, to the monthly salary. On the basis of "wage income refers to the definition of the employer in monetary form of payment to the staff wages and bonuses"^[3], "Remuneration" part of funding "guaranteed" part, is the unit of "income" flat, generally do not have no wage worries. Two is the social security. "In the series of" staff pension insurance, industrial injury insurance, medical insurance, social insurance and housing provident fund payment in full, complete. While the unit "revenue" good, "enjoy the huge bonuses, in the series of" staff will travel allowance, meal allowance, social investigation and other "tricks" welfare. The three is recessive, gray income is "king of money". "Can participate by units or licensing business training in the series of" personnel (such as on-the-job degree) and free travel, study, enjoy work free bus (bus) and children's schooling convenience, high temperature and heating subsidies, and even enjoy the car and cheap housing purchase price or preferential treatment. But these benefits with higher professional titles, the more you get. In addition, a number of professional and technical ability of the personnel (such as a surgeon, art teacher etc.) can also through the "go" for "block", but few people use their "real", "privilege" (such as drug purchasing power, Chu Fangquan) gets "rebate", "Commission", "benefit fee" thing, also It is often seen.

   In a word, "staff" in the labor and distribution in the institutions on the whole in the "upper class". Of course, this can also distinguish "high,". For example, senior management, senior personnel, political status, income Feng, belonging to the "high level" people, middle managers, intermediate title of "groups", and some logistical services, the general staff is a "low levels of the crowd". And the total income is high, low differences between3-5Between times. For example, in Shandong province is the high title of subsidies2251Yuan, intermediate title (5For years)1738Yuan, plus performance pay wages, job category, the total salary is advanced for the intermediate2Times, if compared with the primary title, is about3Times. In addition, the bonus coefficient, with the job title goes, "Commission" by performance calculation, all income together, high, low income gap some up to5~7Times.

  (two) "non staff" and "market track" labor and distribution

  Because the system constraints and funding support is not enough, many institutions to alleviate the shortage of talents, lower operating costs, and a more flexible, various forms of "non in the series of" labor and distribution form. Labor and distribution of complex, is bound to have a "difference between three six nine" and other political, economic. According to the difference between the high, low overall treatment, according to the "status", the income gap, from high to low:

   1(outer) recruits, return. In order to enrich the unit technology, some institutions (such as a hospital, school, education etc.) will be part of retired personnel employment, health, or a number of professional technology "top-notch" outside the unit personnel appointed me (external), using a technique long unit brings better benefits. This part talent most experts, special type, master of professional skills, professional and technical titles has higher. This part of talents are respected in politics. In the economy, in addition to a wage income "the base", was hired staff is generally "salary+Performance "or only" performance "excellent performance evaluation, income also high. Generally, institutions and return (outer) signed no formal labor contract employees, not to pay the social insurance.

   2, personnel agency staff. Unit of choose and employ persons employed, the accounts, records, the title appraisal etc. administrative agency of government personnel exchange service organizations, the employing units according to the actual situation of the payment of wages and welfare. This part of the people in general for employers to use "I" in all aspects of the business backbone, or the introduction of professional and technical personnel, with very few children of workers or "relationship" personnel. The wages and welfare is different for different units, but the basic salaries and "staff" although the difference but the difference between units, pay social insurance, and has a relatively low proportion of bonus and welfare, but has little or no, the general did not participate in the democratic management right.

   3The labor dispatch, personnel. The employer and the qualified labor dispatch company signed the contract in accordance with the "task", agreed by the labor dispatch company according to the requirements of the dispatched personnel to complete the assigned task, the employer satisfaction after payments to labor dispatching company, subordinate to the dispatched workers to send for labor, the employer only "the right to use". This part of the staff in the institutions of logistics services, security, sanitation work. The dispatched workers because more than one layer "mother-in-law", also be multi button with a layer of "management fees", certainly also very meager wages and benefits. In general, a monthly salary of around the local minimum wage standard line. Social security, if any, are paid according to the minimum standard.

   4, temporary employment. The employer for "temporary" employment or deliberately to reduce the cost of labor. Such as hospital widespread "temporary nurse", part of the school of "substitute teacher". Labor and income of people in this part of the hard work is proportional to, dirty, tired, bitter, meager income only life, salary, even lower than the local minimum wage standard. Like many hospitals in Shandong Province, many "temporary nurse" "subsidy" (in essence a month salary)800Yuan. The lowest is "temporary workers" category, common in January four, five hundred yuan. This part of the people in the unit no political status, no social security, welfare and institutions are not relevant.

   5Other employment. With flexible form of employment units. This is part of a dry day, do one thing will make one day or one thing money. In the "piece", "time" job, such as the sick, maternal caregivers, "class fee" teachers etc.. The income without security, social insurance at.

    Three disadvantages, our institutions "double track system" of labor and distribution

   In our institution, organization and external personnel "identity", determine its political status, economic benefits low amount, interpretation of the three, six, nine, the rigid class, form a large gap, and even can be said to be "two days".

  (a) the identity of "three, six, nine", cause a character on the inequality.

Equality is the world recognized universal values, our Constitution also stipulates that citizens equality clause. But in our institution recruitment and allocation, because different preparation, preparation, but really there aspects of inequality of opportunity. First of all, classes, class contradictions and even producing artificial class antagonism. Not only the unit of "market track" unfair, but "market track" staff in the "establishment" eyes, in addition to return (outer) experts, is "inferior". With the "superiority" in the staff, sense righteous indignation about even scold supernumerary staff to do the dirty, bitter, tired of work, and the majority of non staff in order to "meal", to swallow insult and humiliation silently way silently accept, the discrimination and inequality constrained in the heart. If things go on like this, formed in the unit will intentionally, not different classes, the class contradiction, even go class group ou, petition opposing the road. Secondly, the working environment of compression "development market track" personnel. The establishment of personnel, generally work environment is superior, promotion, training the high-level demand road is smooth. Rather than in the staff although low salary, workload is big, but to improve the quality of work, work and personnel in the same strong desire. However, the employing units on the staff is to use and train as many units, not only to provide personal learning opportunities, and learning cost reimbursement. The supernumerary personnel, the employing units not as "unit person", using only non training. For a long time, this part of the accumulation of knowledge will be less and less, promotion to more complex technical labor job chances are slim, development space is narrow, especially with the growth of age, decreasing job opportunities, the personal future more anxiety. So that the loss of the sense of achievement in social cognition, come very naturally to inferior. Once again, the loss of a sense of belonging, nibble cohesion. The identity of injustice is the greatest injustice. Non staff in institutions do more, again good, except for a few exceptions, are difficult to be "in the series of" staff. In the long-term discriminated environment, gradually became the "bride", enthusiasm, loss of sense of belonging, falling on the unit's identity, to the unit as "home", not on when he stopped when the "master", so as to use the unit cohesion in the continuous degradation. In the staff "superiority", the work should be dry and not dry, master consciousness, responsibility consciousness in fact also in decline. In addition, return (outer) recruits, earn a "block", the unit development is be indifferent to. Can say, "double track system" curbed labors initiative, creativity and legitimate rights and interests, has seriously affected the development of institutions in China, the erosion of the social harmony.

  (two) distribution gap contradiction, unequal pay for equal work seriously

   Employment and the distribution of institutions in China, is essentially a "compilation" this status determines the level of income. Mainly, a little more, less is more. Under the condition of planned economy, our country has implemented the single, unified system of distribution according to work, "mess" make people between income gap is not big, but equalitarianism allocation means strong, and dampen the enthusiasm of workers, "contribute non labor", labor efficiency is low, become a common phenomenon at that time. Since the Third Plenary Session of the eleven party, the priority of efficiency, fairness and let some people get rich first policy, greatly liberating and developing the productive forces. But after thirty years of reform and opening up, China has become the third largest economy in the world, has a more solid economic base, people across the country have a share in the fruits of reform and development conditions. But the transformation and distribution system in China lags behind reality, resulting in the decline of labor compensation proportion, problem of income, wage, salary gap is widening between the groups, the gap between rich and poor has surpassed the Gini coefficient of internationally recognized0.4The warning line, reached0.47.

   In this environment, the distribution of institutions in China also showed a larger gap. The same post, because if there is a "compilation" and showed great difference. First of all, with different degrees of "". The superiority of the staff, put it in "leader" status at the same position, can be individual job made "supernumerary" personnel to do, also can take the responsibilities of dirty, dirty work arrangement for the "extra" personnel to do. For example, the hospital nursing posts, except responsibility requires a particularly strong things, general injection, feeding, dressing, have more "supernumerary" nursing staff. "Do more", is not the common features in the staff. This phenomenon exists generally in public institutions. Secondly, earn much and "compilation" identity, little correlation with labor remuneration. In the institutions of the same job, "in the series of" staff and non staff income, there is a big gap. For example in the hospital, nursing staff in the same department, "temporary" in Shandong province county level hospital, a monthly salary of more than in the400~800Yuan between, and nursing staff on the payroll, salary in general2000~4500Yuan between, the gap between the two in3~8Times. If you add in the staff enjoy bonus and welfare, this gap should be in4~10Between times. The doctor, "gray income" and no or few, department business volume big and small, the income gap is also great. That is to say, to do more, do not necessarily earn more pay, to play a decisive role is the "developed" status, but not how much amount of labor, which is "distribution according to the identity" instead of "to each according to his work". Of course, this phenomenon in our electric power, telecommunications, financial and other state-owned enterprises go beyond.

  (three) the basic social security "harvest" does not mean

   China's "labor law", "labor contract law" and other relevant laws and regulations are prescribed, the employer and the individual parties, must sign a written labor contract, must pay the social insurance for the employees. But in our institution "double track" labor and distribution situation, the main different phenomenon exists generally in terms of basic social security, but also very prominent. Still in the hospital as an example, in general, in the staff enjoy the provisions of the state, the higher social security right; return (outer) staff, the social security personnel to perform the original work units; personnel agency personnel, generally pay only the minimum standards of endowment insurance, generally no housing provident fund; dispatch personnel for the labor relations belong to labor dispatching companies, the hospital only to exercise the "right to use", the social security by the labor dispatch company, its security is poor; temporary employment and other employment, generally do not enjoy social security hospital, the hospital not to pay endowment insurance, unemployment insurance and other expenses. Say a bit further, these different "identity" of the people, even after retirement treatment has no small distinction. Institutions in the staff after retirement, the pension, because according to the salary standard percentage in calculation, therefore the actual amount received under the same conditions of enterprise employees pension higher1~3Times, average1.8Times.

   In short, the social security efforts, is and whether the possession of, and "citizen", "workers" little correlation. Just as the "people's Daily" "dual labor when sue" in Wu Yi said: "can not enter the establishment, it is always' two citizens' income difference, by a large margin, others some benefits, we have no."^[4]This, say "supernumerary" groups of uneven sound.

    Why not a male and four, our institutions recruitment and allocation

   Our institutions employment of "dual track" system, the distribution of "identity", the household registration was born into a widening income gap. This phenomenon and the existence, both for historical reasons, there are real factors; both aspects of policies and regulations, system, also has the contradiction of labor supply and demand factors, is a perplexing social problems.

   The main reason of our institutions and unfair distribution of employment:

  (a) institution system in reform

 Under the condition of planned economy, China's institutions under strict in management system, the rigid "a secure job" mode, the "equalitarianism, dry do more less alike, and does not do the same" or even "do not make trouble" and not normal phenomenon. Since the reform and opening up, China's rural land system reform, the reform of enterprise system and enterprise market-oriented employment system reform has achieved remarkable results, but in our institution and a part of monopoly enterprises, the original "plan track" not completely broken and even can be said to still follow, low cost of "market track" they are artificially enlarged, resulting in "double track" labor intensified, the formation of identity determines the abnormal value, caused extensive social criticism.

That is, the reform of institutions in China step is relatively large. One is the systematic management of institutions, and have a batch of business institutions, such as guest houses, training center, news publishing system reform, to make it out of the institution sequence, to market. The two is the implementation of business unit personnel recruitment system, since the2002Years, when the staff according to the actual contract hire period ranging from the identity, by the "iron" variable "porcelain". The three is the implementation of business unit performance wage system, make the income distribution of institutions and "labor" to hang a hook to a certain extent. But in the reform, the "clean" external work plan without exception, as the important contents. These reform measures, to promote the institution personnel system reform, improve the unfair distribution, have a very positive impact.

The public institution of our country has adopted the plan management control system is strict in management, in recent years, many places have also launched for the real name system measures to prevent the "loophole". Examination and approval institution personnel system, is an important function of a quantity of Party committees at all levels of management agencies in the wide area, "strict control" for growth, can be said to be a hard task organization departments at all levels of. But with the development of the cause, planning management and business units to strictly hands tense contradiction, the financial investment system of financial support and business expansion of the contradictions become increasingly prominent. For example, the school's enrollment hospital beds expanded several times, and staffing, funding is not "synchronous" increase, many institutions are short of hands, lack of funds and other practical problems. For example, the Ministry of health, the hospital nurse staffing standards: beds and the proportion of nurses1:0.4The doctors and nurses, ratio of2:1At present, this proportion is higher than Shanghai City, care only to2:0.86. National Development and Reform Commission regulations again, comprehensive, national, normal, engineering, agriculture, forestry, finance and economics, politics and law university student teacher ratio18:1Medical schools16:1, sports and Art Colleges11:1, and truly achieve the prescribed proportion of college is one of the few. Personnel of funds, institutions have to find temporary work "market track" approach to alleviate. This phenomenon is very common in hospitals, universities, research institutes and other units.

   System management is a planned allocation of public institutions and human resources administrative measures, is a foundation work above the county Party committee, government agencies and personnel configuration management. Under the condition of market economy, social demand for public services continue to expand, functions and service modes of public services become increasingly diversified, management personnel and institutions are still in use a single method, the apparent lack of flexibility, diversity. Of course, we can't put all the institutions of labor "double track system" have blamed the planning management, but management institutions and some institutions employing practical situation in certain degree of dislocation, it is an indisputable fact. In fact, this disconnect the responsibility is not in the management agencies, because of increased system means to increase financial input, increase the "reward", in financial investment, dicing lump under the system of Party committee, government, to "increase compilation" are very sensitive, strict.

   In the institution design employing mechanism, introduced the former State Ministry of personnel, the national human resources and labor and social security department and other departments in the file, the institution employment "keep from talking about the two track system" problem, reform the more limited the scope of "in the series of" staff. For example, business unit personnel recruitment system, there would be no "market track" personnel into consideration, at the same time, there was no face institutions employing "double track system" of the new mechanism design.

   Thus all, the reform of the management system lags behind the actual problems, bring certain difficulty to personnel, distribution system reform of institutions, but also to a large extent from the system "Disregard of the existence and operation of the two track system".

  (two) policies and regulations are not

   Perfect, perfect policies and regulations system is to maintain the fair distribution, an important basis for labor protection of workers. Since the reform and opening up, China persist in taking economic construction as the center, to encourage production factors participate in the distribution, accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents, promote the reform of the income distribution system, improvement, to improve, to safeguard the people's income and wealth accumulation, and laid a good foundation. The economic development of the final purpose is to protect the people's livelihood and. However, we should realize soberly, policies and regulations of the income distribution in China, there are lags in the practice of reform and opening up, need in development continuously perfect, perfect.

   From the macro perspective, the social hot debate "income distribution system reform guidance", "wage Ordinance" and other policies and regulations have not been announced, the relations between the two countries in primary distribution, redistribution, in the three distribution needs further straighten out. At the same time, some have implemented laws such as the "labor law", "labor contract law" and other policies and regulations, the "distribution according to work", "equal pay for equal work" requirement, still stay in principle and lack of practical operational rules. "The law on labor dispatch", is still too general and difficult to operate. The union presided over the "wages of decision", is also the only "staircase" rang18Years.^[5]

   From the institution perspective, institutions in the staff wages, in1993Annual salary before the reform, perform the same wage and the party and government organs have been.1994Years1Month, in accordance with the "notice" of the State Council Concerning wage system reform of organs and institutions of staff spirit, institutions of the wage structure is divided into a fixed part and a live parts, professional and technical personnel are professional and technical post rank salary system, art structural wage system, five different types of salary system according to the characteristics of their work.2006The reform years of wage, begin to build institutions in line with the characteristics of the income distribution system, reflect the job performance and classified management. From the2009Years, our institution began to implement performance pay system. Each time the wage reform, the institutions of the income distribution in a step toward justice, reasonable. However, the scope of the wage system reform every time, always is "staff", never involved supernumerary personnel. The institutions of the supernumerary employment, management agencies, personnel and labor departments, institutions of the competent departments and other relevant units, is actually know and grasp of the situation, otherwise not mentioning plans to clear the labor reform. But in the regulation of income distribution policies, but often the institutions of supernumerary personnel as the range adjustment rules of income distribution policy, the fact that exist for a long time and to pay no heed, can not be said to be the lack of policies and regulations. Thus, protection caused by this part of groups in the income distribution of legal principles without concrete policy, "distribution according to work", "equal pay for equal work" the sun is high, but the income distribution is like a thick cloud, "no documents", as a strong employer said to calculate, how much is willing to give their staff how many, is willing to pay social insurance will pay, so that the distribution of tangible, intangible due to the identity of the injustice prevails.

  (three) distribution system reform

   Our institutions as part of the national family, and the reform of the income distribution system in the country from all walks of life are closely linked, but also has some different characteristics.

   The main lags behind the reform of the distribution system of institutions in China is:

    First, "identity" in the distribution in a decisive position. The preparation of a business unit, means a financial appropriation, reflected in the staff person's wages and welfare security. Supernumerary staff, it means that the "inferior" "outsiders", manifested as low income, welfare and little or no, low social status. Is it right? Possession system, has become the class solidification "bulletin", constitute the class division and estrangement institution internal tangible and intangible, dominant and the recessive. As the "people's Daily" article pointed out, the household registration, family become the driving force of income gap. Because of the reason as everyone knows, "supernumerary" working-class and rural children, want to through their own efforts to enter the business unit "for", its probability less than winning the lottery.

   Second, business unit revenue impulse and reduces the cost of labor force is strong and powerful. For the institutions numerous, financial support is the "reward", then say the development funds. Due to the insufficiency of financial allocation and the "administrative licensing", "income" and take a relatively relaxed approach to the "two lines of revenue and expenditure" management. Because the staff development funding, the unit of welfare benefits depend on the "income" to solve the evaluation standard, superior departments and employees of institutions responsible person, also pay more attention to "income". so, the unit responsible for most of the energy used in the "income", on the one hand with one hand and income, savings, as far as possible to reduce the unit operation. In view of this, in terms of employment and distribution, generally on the supernumerary personnel to "pull", as far as possible to lower labor costs, lower wages, social security, welfare and other aspects of supernumerary personnel standards. Some even violate labor policy, resulting in some unreasonable, the distribution policy exists. One of the more prominent is the disregard of the minimum wage standards, the supernumerary personnel as a "substitute teacher", "trainees" name, to lower than the local minimum wage standard "living subsidies". As the workers hospital. Two is the abuse of labor dispatch. Many institutions of the labor dispatch as reducing labor costs, to avoid future disputes may occur by means of, ignore the labor dispatch should be limited to the "auxiliary, temporary, instead of the law", the part of supernumerary personnel into the labor dispatch service, clear, and even some technical personnel also "dispatched". The three is part of employment do not sign labor contract.

   Third, unreasonable income is not effectively regulate. The unreasonable income is caused by the unfair distribution of income gap, one of the main factors. Have been caused by the central attaches great importance to the "gray income", has been infiltrated units from all walks of life, rebate, commission fees, service charges, thanks, appearance fees, lecture fees, royalties, gift, a multitude of names. "Gray income" has become an important part of high income groups. "The secret of gray income", and bring some difficulties to supervision. Admittedly, the present situation of "gray income" and supervision, there are still many need to research and improve. Exposed in the University, hospitals and other institutions frequent cases of corruption of power substantial encroachment on the public wealth, its illegal "income" courage and appetite is big, shocking and anger.

  (four) government enforcement

   First of all, the government under the conditions of "strong capital, weak labor" factors. Local governments at all levels, all the investment as a key work, even the investment index quantification, layer upon layer decomposition to the various departments, and the implementation of "one vote veto investment". Many local governments have formulated local preferential policies, to create the "excellent investment environment" in the name, "super national treatment for investors". There is not approved by the government, enterprises shall not go check on the investors "to give the wrongdoer a way out" phenomenon. Henan province also punished to the enterprise to carry out law enforcement inspection of quality supervision department staff. This ignores the status of workers and labor value naturally or half unconsciously in a certain extent, lower labor cost, individual units or even act recklessly and care for nobody's deduction of wages, social security is less and less, can not guarantee is not guaranteed.

   Secondly, the government not to labor and distribution regulation. Some government departments, supervision and management of the labor and distribution, many only stay in the document, conference, and appeared in the action less. For example, all making minimum wage standard, the standard of minimum living guarantee, social insurance payment standards, but in actual implementation, constrained by the policy, department personnel funding and other various restrictions, often be beyond one's grasp, the lack of effective supervision. For example, the abuse of labor dispatch, the damage is to send staff benefits, less government sector in the face of this phenomenon to the supervision and inspection and correction. Other such as not to sign a written labor contract, non payment or pay social insurance, not too full, like this.

   Thirdly, overlapping functions, some party and government departments are not as little as the phenomenon. For labor and distribution business units, although the lack of Coercive Measures Legislation and operation of specific provisions, but after thirty years of reform and opening-up, employment and allocation of the framework of policies and regulations, rules or some. But because the institutions of labor and distribution problem relates to the Party Committee Organization Department, trade unions and government personnel, finance, taxation and other departments, in the face of supernumerary personnel the "vulnerable groups", as the mission of the "wages of decision", the basic is empty; functional departments widely held "no control", also don't tube, do not want to control attitude, value signal and some employers will hold these twisted, lower labor costs.

  (five) the market factors and personal

   China is a populous country, contradictions will be oversupply of the labor market in a long period of time. Efforts to reduce unit labor costs, will use the "oversupply" market opportunities, reduce the supernumerary personnel wages.

   Income level is affected by factors such as personal ability. Size of one's ability, effort level, contribution, also will give the income distribution effects. For example, a skillful, noble medical ethics of doctors, get higher remuneration according to work is reasonable, is the social justice, justice has positive guiding role. But in the institutions of supernumerary personnel, for the leading role in the identity in the , individual effort is very limited impact on income. More importantly, with the development of society and economy, the citizen law consciousness and high levels of demand promote generally, supernumerary staff democratic, fair consciousness has been strengthened, the maintenance of social justice, individual rights, also has a new, higher demands and expectations.

    Five, China's institutions of labor distribution system reform proposals

   Change the idea first, attention and understanding on the

   Income distribution, the source of livelihood of the people. Party and state leaders attach great importance to the issue of reform of income distribution system in china. General Secretary Hu Jintao "in2010The national labor models and advanced workers commendation congress "pointed out:" to the development of harmonious labor, establish and improve the coordination mechanism for labor relations, improve the labor protection mechanism, so that the majority of workers achieve decent work."^[1]Premier Wen Jiabao2010Seventh "Qiushi" magazine, published entitled "points out several issues" on the development of social undertakings and improve the livelihood of the article: "we not only through the development of the economy, the social wealth is the 'cake' bigger, but also through reasonable income distribution system of the 'cake' good, let all the people can share in the fruits of reform and development."^[2]At the same time, also put forward to deepen the reform of income distribution system, straighten out the relationship between the guiding principles and measures of income distribution.

  "People's Daily" as the "mouthpiece" of the party and the country, to2010Years5Months of continuous issued a document, the reform of the income distribution system is very useful, and created a "research stir effect", to guide the public to reflect on the influence of distribution according to work, equal pay for equal work identity hierarchy be inopportune or inappropriate ideas, on the formation of social consensus, equality in distribution, produced positive effect.

   Second, establish and perfect the income distribution regulations

   Our country has many involved in the distribution of laws and regulations, relates to labor, labor contract, social security, tax, institution reform, but not a single complete "wage" or "wage Ordinance". Income distribution in the primary stage of socialism, is an important symbol of social fairness and justice, for it should be included in the legal scope of management is more powerful.

   To the existing laws and regulations, revised to improve or make the implementation measures of keeping pace with the times and easy operation, which has rigid binding. "Labor contract law" should know "labor dispatch" the purpose, principles, scope, penalties; "labor law", "labor security supervision regulations", "labor contract law" on workers enjoy the right to obtain payment for labor, minimum wage standards, the minimum social security provision, and not to sign a written labor contract and other issues, and the inspection and supervision, punishment and execution, the detailed rules for the implementation of all should be clear. Of course, the high income, "gray income", also need to further strengthen the supervision of legislation.

   The existing normative documents, should also be clear, perfect. Such as the implementation of performance pay system in Institutions Promoting Employment and on the institutions and other aspects of the file, do not respond to keep from talking about institutions "dual system", give the necessary, should face up to their staff, should be considered, action, recent even improved policy of the government only issued a part of Posts "equal pay for equal work", to increase the employer "pay" chips, so that workers see the "progress" of hope for. In order to gradually break the rigid system according to the distribution of. Shall exercise "salary codetermination" mission to the union, there should be a single complete, convenient and feasible policy, practice, perfect after ascending to the legislative level, to make the union become spokesmen for the interests of the workers.

    Third, strengthen the enforcement of Party and government departments

   Executive ability is an important embodiment of the party and the government ruling ability of the party, government, administration according to law is the mission of the department. In the current legal framework, the Party committee, government should be the subordinate departments , strict implementation of the administrative accountability system, and urge them to pay attention to people's livelihood, security order of socialist income distribution in an important position, active, positive, creative implementation of good policies and regulations, improve the credibility of the party and the government. Only "Quxie", to "fuzheng". The enforcement of Party and government departments to make big, illegal, illegal to "fear", and should be punished, further promote social fairness, justice.

   Route fourth, to promote the gradual reform of the income distribution system

   Under the guidance of the government, to ease the contradiction, and then gradually to solve the contradiction of ideas, to raise wages, broken gap, increasing benefits, the realization of common prosperity as the guidance, progressive, and steadily carry out reform of the income distribution system, to the government continued reform, people's income increased steadily.

 &nbs