Self conscious science "constitution"

The first chapter outlineArticle eighth

Article eighthRural collective economic organizations of the double management system of household contract management as the foundation, the. In rural areas, supply and marketing, credit production, consumption and other forms of cooperative economy, is the socialist economy under collective ownership. The workers to participate in the rural collective economic organizations have the right, within the limits prescribed by law to farm private plots of cropland, hilly, household sideline production and raise privately-owned livestock.

The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial, service industry and other industries, is the socialist economy under collective ownership.

State protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives, guidance and help, encourage the development of collective economy.

The study notes:

NOUN explanation:

Rural: (Village), corresponding to the city name, refers to the agricultural district, town, village, agriculture industry (the natural economy and the first industry), including a variety of farm (including animal husbandry and aquaculture farms), forest (production area forestry), gardening and vegetable production. Compared with the concentration of population to towns and cities, rural population is scattered living. Before entering the industrial society, the society of the majority of the population live in rural areas.
To engage in agricultural production and the agricultural population living area, is the city, corresponding to the region, with particular natural landscape and social economic condition, also called village.

Collective economy, is the production of data normalization partly labors all kind of public ownership economy.
Collective ownership from the Soviet Union, its application range is limited to the rural areas, mainly for the collective farm ownership. The mid 50's in last century, our country from the former Soviet Union to introduce the concept of collective ownership, and in the development of cooperatives and co-operative movement will be enlarged to the rural and urban, it evolved into China's rural and urban collective ownership.
The essence of collective economy is the economic cooperation, including labor union and capital union. However, in the development of collective economy in history, people only recognize the collective economy is the labor union workers, weakening and even denied collective economy also has the characteristics of labor capital union. To deny individual property rights, is the biggest difference between traditional collective economy and cooperative economy.
In our country, the collective economy is an important part of public ownership economy, collective economy embodies the principle of common prosperity, extensively absorb the decentralized social capital, relieving the pressure of employment, increase the public wealth and the national tax.
Historical sources
The advantage of the characteristics: the collective economy is within a certain range of workers (members), and gain control over a form of public ownership, the worker (member) control is the main symbol different from private ownership, state ownership; workers have the personal property in the enterprise, also has the worker (member) there are property rights; collective economy reflects the United Labor and capital factors, distribution according to work and a variety of factors of production sharing interests; form to realize the collective economy is diversified, under the condition of market economy, most enterprises organization mode and operation mode can be realized form of collective economy. As China's rural family contract responsibility system, all kinds of cooperatives, town of joint-stock cooperative system, ESOP and staff have the right to control company, joint-stock company, the joint venture company, corporation. Briefly, it has been generally recognized in the present stage, "the staff there, democratic management, sharing of benefits, diversity in form" is the basic characteristics of China's collective economy.
In the various problems of collective economic reform and development, property right is the core, the collective enterprise property relations are very complex, the main problem is the subject of property right is not clear, and the difficulties in defining the attribution of unknown.
On the face of it, the collective enterprise property rights as the working masses joint possession, but in fact, regardless of major projects is the operator's choice, decision, or asset returns and disposal, not by the collective enterprise staff decided, this "called collective ownership, as workers with" the property right, the reform of collective enterprises the lack of power main body, subject and subject quality risk, finally in the director of collective enterprises and operators due to the absence of property rights and lack of reform power, workers have the name property and no decision-making power, to promote the reform of embarrassment.
On the reform and development of the collective economy
The general idea is the collective enterprise system reform:
In accordance with the establishment of modern property rights system, rights and interests clear collective enterprise ownership, property right main body personality, giving the collective employee economic compensation, realize the identity permutation, determine the "ambiguous property rights", "no property rights," the legal status and interests, eliminate the "name for the collective, it is employee empty" virtual the main body of property right and the fuzzy property rights, collective enterprise restructuring for corporate enterprises, cooperative enterprises, joint-stock cooperative enterprises, partnership enterprises and private enterprises.

Organization (Organization): ① arrangement, reorganization system. The preparation of a collective. The system of cooperation. In multicellular organisms, by a group of shape and function of the same cell, the basic structure and the interstitial cells. Structure of the fabric.
The definition of management organization
To plan, and reflects the organization plans to complete the target mode.

In management science, organization of meaning can be understood from two aspects of static and dynamic. From the static perspective, refers to the organization structure, namely: to reflect the specific relationship between people, posts, tasks and their network. This network can make division of the scope, extent, cooperate each other, their tasks and responsibilities for departments and levels of confirmed, become the framework of organization. From the dynamic perspective, to maintain and change the organizational structure, in order to complete the goals of the organization. Through the establishment and reform of the organization, the various elements, production and business activities of the link, scientifically organized from time to time, space, so that everyone can accept the leadership and coordination of actions, resulting in a new, larger than the individual and collective features simple sum integral function.
There are reasons: personal ability is limited and unlimited personal needs of the contradiction between, driven and goal or mission. 　
The type of organization　　
The type of tissue, usually have a formal organization and informal organization. Among them, the formal organization generally refers to the responsibility between the members reflect the organization objectives specified in the organization organization system. We usually talk about organization refers to the formal organization. In formal organizations, maintained the cooperation form of its members, to complete the enterprise goal as the starting point and end point of action. Informal organization is formed spontaneously in the common work, has the common emotion group. Many reasons, the formation of informal organizations such as: working relationship, interest relationship, blood relationship etc.. Informal organizations often for some emotional demands and act together.
Common forms of organization:
Straight line type, function type, functional type, matrix type, division, holding company (property rights), the network organizational structure (contract)
The basic problems of organization
The basic problem of organization is the relation between the management scope and the management level: the amplitude of the given conditions, the level and scale is proportional to the scale given; conditions, levels and inversely proportional to the magnitude of.

The implementation of [practice; practise]: the actual execution; only action to achieve (program, policy, planning, implementation of the content more abstract).

The household contract management: Chinese rural land use system. According to the characteristics of agricultural production and the level of productivity development and the wishes of farmers, collective organization of the collective will of all countries all belong to or the use of land and other production data out to the organization members, farmers, professional team (Group), contractor shall enjoy the right of possession, the right to use permit, usufruct and the national policy and the the articles of association of the disposition right to contracted by the production data, the independent exercise of autonomy in management, and shall be turned over to the Contractor by mutual agreement, be turned over to the state taxes, complete agricultural products order task and other obligations, collective organization according to production needs and possible, providing various kinds of service, management and coordination necessary. The household contract management is a great creation of Chinese farmers.
Land management unified management combined with decentralized management, managers and workers, to familiar with the object of labor and natural conditions, to cope with changes in the environment, sensitive regulation of production, improve the economic benefit of agricultural production. Moreover, the contractor in combination of power, responsibility and interests, mobilize the enthusiasm of their business, promote the development of agricultural production. The household contract management from the fixed contract, and to the group, and to work, the household responsibility system, responsibility to the family, according to the contract, and contract system, the middle area and developed area, poor area, farming, forestry and animal husbandry, non-agricultural industries of sequential evolution, development, improve together.
The household contract management adhere to the following basic principles: adhere to the basic means of production land collective ownership. In accordance with the law, the policy of the state. In both countries, the collective and the Contractor's interests. In accordance with the Charter of the organization and the members (villagers) Democratic resolution. The collective management regulation power. To ensure management autonomy and legal right to return the.
The household contract management, there are three main ways: ① contracted land according to the population contract. That is all the contracted arable land area by the total population average, according to how much each population determines the contract area. According to the labor contract. That is all the contracted land according to labor average total, according to many household labor number determines the contract area, or all the labor intensity classification according to the number, respectively formulate their contracted land. ③ according to "labor contract proportion". That is all part of a contract, contract part according to population, according to labor contract, the proportion of different parts, some seven to three people to work, three people, half to seven. In addition, there are "grain ration cropland" population by the contract, "responsibility fields" according to labor contract. In the early days of the contracted management of land development, land contract period is relatively short, some provisions for 3 years -5 years, and some are even only 1 years -3 years. This is not conducive to the long-term investment on the land. At the same time, both the quantity which is adopted to determine the contracted land, generally based on land, soil water conditions and the distance of grading, the good the bad average match.
With the development of family contract management, and continuous improvement of the land contract. The provisions of the CPC Central Committee on 1984, land contract period expires in 1993 to extend 15 years of changeless, and asked to extend 30 years of changeless. Lengthen land to contract period, not only eliminates the farmers were afraid policy change worry, satisfies the stability requirements of farmers land use rights, and can encourage farmers to land investment, are the basic construction of farmland soil improvement and water conservancy and other long-term sex, improve the conditions of production, increase soil fertility, improve the level of intensive operation or engaged in the development of production. At the same time, in the voluntary premise, to encourage the transfer of land use rights, to promote the concentration of land to farming experts gradually, to expand the operation scale, the specialization of agricultural production, agricultural production structure and the adjustment of rural industry structure, accelerating the development of rural commodity economy. The main is to encourage the subcontract land, in the land contract period, the operation of non farming farmers do not want to give up the right to contract land, the land transfer to other farmers. There are two main methods: one is negotiated between the contracting farmers. The general is a package of reserve land rights, and can be purchased from the parity. One is the lack of labour and land users and would not look out of contract, unified by the collective economic organizations to recover after the subcontract. The general is subcontracted to farming households. In order to relieve back to the loss of the land use right of collective doubts, and back to households signed the contract, the need to be re package of land. At the same time, in order to increase the contracted land, the rational use of encourage farming households are specified, the collective economic organizations to recover the land, must be reasonable compensation in use period to improve soil, increase infrastructure investment. Farmers land transfer is compensable subcontract, also has the free transfer, but are to be agreed, to maintain the original contract is the premise of.

[foundation]: foundation bearing component refers to the construction of the bottom contact with the ground, it is the role of the upper part of the building to the ground load. Therefore, the foundation must be strong, stable and reliable.
The economic basis. Referred to as the "base": the sum with the material productive forces must adapt to the development stage of the dominant relations of production. The basic concept of historical materialism. Compared with the "superstructure". Is one of two basic level, social structure is one of the two basic fields of social life.
Proposed by Marx and Engels co wrote in 1845 - 1846 in the "German Ideology" (see "Marx" Engels Anthology of first volume 131st pages). In 1859, "'critique of political economics'" in the preface made incisive statement: "people in their own lives in the social production has certain, inevitable, not to their will for the transfer relationship, with their material productivity of a certain stage of development suited to production relations. The sum of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, which is a legal and political superstructure erected on the form of social consciousness and realistic foundation of the corresponding." ("Marx" Engels Anthology of second volume thirty-second pages)
Stalin defines the economic basis is: "is the basis of society in a certain stage of development of the economic system" ("Stalin anthology" volume 501st pages), and illustrates the "superstructure is through an intermediary, the intermediary based economy with production only indirect contact" (with the book page 505th).
Mao Zedong thought, "the economic basis, is the relations of production, mainly is the ownership". Their interpretation of "economic foundation" and use, are not directly include productivity.
Historical materialism thinks, basic social economic relations of the social system, the sum of the relations of production, mainly including three aspects of ownership of the means of production, and the production process and the relationship between the distribution relationship. The ownership of the means of production is the most important decision, economic base and superstructure are interrelated, interaction. Economic base and determines the superstructure, the superstructure counteracts economic basis. The interaction between the performance of the superstructure for economic development based on the law. The economy is based on dividing the different social forms of direct objective basis. According to the nature of the economic base, usually the human society is divided into: the primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and Communist society (the socialist society is the lower stage of the five basic forms of it). In the process of social change in economic foundation, often appear in the form of disintegration and the economic foundation of the coexistence and conflict situation. Marx and Engels are sometimes also used economic base refers to the mode of production.

The household contract responsibility system:

　　One, the concept of
The household contract responsibility system refers to the family as a unit to the farmers land contract and collective organization of production and production task form of responsibility system in agricultural production.
Two, basic characteristics
Basic characteristics are retained in the collective economy necessary unified management and at the same time, the collective land and other production data contracted to households, households according to the contract the contract authority, make independent decisions, and share operating results, in the precondition of the national and the collective task under the general practice is to land or labor by population proportion according to the responsibility, rights, and the principle of combining to farmers. Contract door and collective economic organizations signed a contract.
Refers to the family as the unit of farmers to contract land collective organization of production and production task form of responsibility system in agricultural production. Its essential feature is retained in the collective economy necessary unified management and at the same time, the collective land and other production data contracted to households, households according to the contract the contract authority, make independent decisions, and share operating results, in the precondition of the national and the collective task under the general practice is to land by population or labor the proportion of responsibility, right, benefit according to the principle of combining to farmers. Contract door and collective economic organizations signed a contract. The concrete form. (1) work contracted to households. The contractor to the state to pay agricultural tax, purchase contract products sold and provident fund, to the collective public welfare public reserve. The remaining products all the farmers themselves all. (2) the household responsibility system. The fixed production, fixed investment, fixed point, overfulfill himself, cut compensation. At present, the most of the region is contracted to households in the form of. The household contract responsibility system is the main form of rural collective economy. The main production is still under the collective ownership; in the allocation still implement the principle of distribution according to work; in the production and operation activities, collective and family there are. The household contract responsibility system is a great creation of Chinese farmers, is a product of the reform of rural economic system. Since the Third Plenary Session of the eleven Central Committee of the party, with active support and advocacy, the household contract responsibility system gradually across the country, at the beginning of 1983, the national rural has 93% of the production team to implement the responsibility system. The household contract responsibility system implemented abolished the people's commune, but also did not take land privatization of the road, but the implementation of household contract for a living, unified, double management, can play the advantages of collective management, and mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, is suitable for a better economic characteristics China's agriculture and rural development level of productivity and management level.
Three, concrete form
1 work contracted to households
The contractor to the state to pay agricultural tax, purchase contract products sold and provident fund, to the collective public welfare public reserve. The remaining products all the farmers themselves all.
2 of household responsibility system
The fixed production, fixed investment, fixed point, overfulfill himself, cut compensation.
At present, the most of the region is contracted to households in the form of. The household contract responsibility system is the main form of rural collective economy. The main production is still under the collective ownership; in the allocation still implement the principle of distribution according to work; in the production and operation activities, collective and family there are. The household contract responsibility system is a great creation of Chinese farmers, is a product of the reform of rural economic system.
Four, meaning
Since the Third Plenary Session of the eleven Central Committee of the party, with active support and advocacy, the household contract responsibility system gradually across the country, at the beginning of 1983, the national rural has 93% of the production team to implement the responsibility system. The household contract responsibility system implemented abolished the people's commune, but also did not take land privatization of the road, but the implementation of household contract for a living, unified, double management, can play the advantages of collective management, and mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, is suitable for a better economic characteristics China's agriculture and rural development level of productivity and management level.

Production: production refers to the process of people to create wealth.
"Economics" in production: the input into output activities, or the factors of production are combined to manufacturing activities.
The factors of production are the main:
(1) labor. Including a variety of different nature of the work of the people, such as electrician, secretary, doctors and other services rendered.
(2) land. Including all the natural resources on the ground and underground, such as minerals, such as tree.
(3) capital. That was produced in the production process, and be used for further generating items, which are all man-made input. As the machine, tools (are made out, and used for further production).
Production management: production is defined in all social organization of its input into output process.

Supply: the supply of production materials and consumer goods, and sales of various products of commercial activities.

Credit:The understanding of "credit" from a legal point of view, it actually has two meanings, one is that a relationship between the parties, the existence of time-delay the rights and obligations of both parties in "contract" shall not at the time of delivery, credit, there; second layers of meaning is the obligations that the parties in accordance with the provisions of the "contract" to enjoy rights and bear.
In this sense credit points need to pay attention to. One is the "contract", we can make this contract as a narrow economic contract, small to two enterprises of the supply contract, to between the two countries hundreds of millions of dollars in debt; can also be regarded as a generalized social contract, such as between you and your parents contract relationship, you parents have the custody of your adult obligations, you have to support your parents. The two is another very important feature of the "contract", this is the necessary condition to constitute a legal credit, that is non instant delivery. If the realization of rights and duties are performed at the same time, it would not constitute a credit, there must be a certain time difference will appear credit between the two.

Credit cooperatives, referred to as the credit cooperatives. By means of personal financing joint, cooperative financial organization with mutual aid as the main aim. The basic goal of management is to simple procedures and low interest rates, loan service to members, help the weak economic power of individuals to solve financial difficulties, from the usurer.
The modern credit cooperative principle:
(1) into the society and from the voluntary principle;
(2) each member shall provide a certain amount of capital and assume corresponding responsibility;
(3) the implementation of democratic management. Members have the right to equality, each member has one vote;
(4) credit cooperative profit is mainly used to increase membership welfare.
The development of these principles is the meaning of the Credit Union will not be controlled by a few people, for the benefit of a minority of enterprises, and the shares of a bank to distinguish.

Consumption: the consumer goods to meet an economic behavior of self desire. Specifically, consumption includes the reason, consumer demand from consumers to meet their consumer demand, the related factors affecting consumer choice.

Form: a philosophical concept of Aristotle in ancient Greece and medieval philosophy used. Bacon, F. use it and given new content, internal structure or rules refer to a thing. In Aristotle's opinion, forms, materials and concrete things are real, sometimes even said that only the form is the entity. Bacon thinks things material is solid, the form is the structure of matter. He insisted on the form and nature of things can not be separated. He pointed out that in the "new tool theory": "in the form is not others, it is dominant and has the advantages of simple structure properties of the rules and regulations of the absolute reality". He thinks that form is the internal basis and according to the nature of objects, is inherent within a matter, living, nature power. The material has its own personality, the formation of differences between the various special, is the essential force inherent within a matter, that is determined by the form of. As long as people understand and master the form, you can grasp the unity of nature in very different entities, you can get the truth in the understanding, to be free in action. He had discovered and recognized as human understanding of the objective.
Form and content: content refers to the sum of all the internal elements of things; forms refer to things of intrinsic elements of the structure or performance. Features, including various contradictory things and decided by the contradiction movement of the process and development trend etc.. Content is the basis for the existence of things. The same content in different conditions can take different forms, the same can reflect the different content in the different conditions. The content and form of mutual connection, mutual restriction.

Cooperative economy: Economic Cooperation (also called cooperative) is laborer in voluntary mutual unite management on the basis of economic organization.

Collective ownership by the working people:
Collective enterprise in cities and towns (hereinafter referred to as the collective enterprises) is the property owned collectively by the working masses, a common labor, the means of distribution with distribution according to work as the main body of the socialist economy organization.
As mentioned in the preceding paragraph is collectively owned by the laboring people, shall conform to the provisions of any one of the following:
(a) the collective enterprise of collective ownership;
(two) the collective enterprise joint economic organization within the scope of the collective ownership by the working people;
(three) the investment subject to two or more than two collective enterprises, the first (a), (two) property owned by a collective should be the dominant. That dominance of the property, refers to all the collective enterprises accounted for the proportion of all property, in general should not be less than 51%, special circumstances approved by the original examination and approval departments, can be appropriate to reduce the. (see the people's Republic of China urban collective ownership enterprise act fourth)

Worker: refers to the legal age, have the ability to work, to engage in some sort of social labor income as the main source of income, according to the provisions of the contract or law, natural person engaged in labor in the employing unit management and obtain remuneration (Chinese and foreign natural person).
The workers including local people, foreigners and stateless persons. The call: workers, workers, apprentices, helper, helper.
But not all natural persons are legal workers, to become legal workers must have certain conditions and obtain the ability to labor rights and labor capacity (such as stowaways work)
The capacity for labor rights: refers to the citizens shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations of labor labor qualifications. It is the citizen participation in the labor legal relationship is the premise of subject.

Specification: ① make about the way, method, quality or quantity decisions of a thing. The provisions of the. ("Chinese Dictionary" compendium, page 1445th)

Plots (private plot):
Chinese agricultural collective economic organizations according to the policy of long-term use of land allocated to the members. Farmer plots is a household sideline production, can make full use of the surplus labor and labor time, the production of various agricultural and sideline products, meet the family life and the needs of the market, increase the income of the rural economy, active. Their production is a necessary complement to the collective economy. Plots of quantity decisions in the number of arable land per capita. 1955 November published "agricultural production cooperatives demonstration draft constitution" stipulates: per person per capita arable land plots shall not exceed 5%. The people's commune movement, some places will land collectivization gradually restored, after 1960. In 1981 March, the CPC Central Committee, the State Council forwarded the State Agriculture Commission "on the positive development of rural diversified business report" in regulation, can suit one's measures to local conditions, appropriate to expand the number of plots, feed, open land, cultivated land area of not more than 15% local maximum. Also provides a Chai Shan and barren places, can be allocated to the appropriate number of hilly land, to encourage farmers to afforestation. In the pastoral areas, collective farmers can transfer small retention pasture, for raising a number of privately owned livestock. Plots, hilly grassland and retention are belongs to all its members, only the right to use, shall not be leased, transfer or sale of, also be allowed for housing and other non production purposes. Their products to their own domination, countries did not sign the agricultural tax. Privately owned livestock herders to all and domination, in around the provision shall be exempted from tax, points not not purchase. The right to operate land, hilly grassland, retention of protection by the state, shall not be arbitrarily occupied.

Household sideline production household sideline production in rural areas is in accordance with national policies and regulations the farmers engaged in some sideline agricultural labor outside. Such as weaving, embroidery, wood etc..
Household sideline production is peasant family members engaged in agricultural production and people's life of service production. General household sideline production range is very wide, including transportation, acquisition (such as wild herbs, fruits and so on), fishing, hunting, agricultural and sideline products processing (such as rice, flour milling, cotton, oil, wine, vinegar, sugar and other building), the handicraft industry (such as brick, lime, sewing, embroidery, paper, farm implements manufacturing, repair industry, weaving etc.) affiliated production as well as other does not belong to agriculture. In twentieth Century 80 years, many of the above content sideline has been included in the Chinese township enterprises category. The household sideline production refers to the collection, hunting, sewing, embroidery, knitting scattered handicraft industry. The development of household sideline production to make full use of rural natural resources and labor, so people do their material, turn material resources to good account and increase farmer income, expand the market supply of commodities, has an important role to meet the needs of various production and people's life.

Article eighth the rural collective economic organizations of the double management system of household contract management as the foundation, the. In rural areas, supply and marketing, credit production, consumption and other forms of cooperative economy, is the socialist economy under collective ownership. The workers to participate in the rural collective economic organizations have the right, within the limits prescribed by law to farm private plots of cropland, hilly, household sideline production and raise privately-owned livestock.

Understand the meaning of the constitution:

Rural collective economic organizations to implement the household contract management as the basis.
The sideline business within the scope stipulated by law.
The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns are in the collective ownership economy.
The development of protection, encourage, guide and help the collective economy.

The problem:
1, improve the enthusiasm of the management contract, but the feeling and feudal society business model no what difference, this is productivity progress or retrogression?
2, farmers as a class, because of production problems, feeling the pinch is not up, loose, collective spirit as cooperatives.
3, protection, encourage, guide and help the development of collective economy to encourage transformation of city agriculture to more concrete.