Two, the enterprise survey
(a), investigation of basic conditions for the guarantee enterprise
1, for guarantee enterprise overview
Application name, security companies registered address, date of establishment, history (joint venture needs the joint venture life), the main business, run business, basic account opening bank, and the superior competent department or company. Learn to apply relevant enterprise system guarantee of enterprise application security, enterprise is a Independent Company or corporation, is a joint-stock company is owned company, is the parent company or subsidiary company etc.. Learn to apply the guarantee business relationship between superior and subordinate, group composition, major shareholders, the subsidiary company management system. For guarantee enterprises is a listing Corporation, and understanding for the guarantee enterprise stock issuance date, stock code publishers etc..
2, apply for ownership structure guarantee enterprises
The main application for investigation, guarantee enterprises registered capital paid in capital, the investors, the actual amount of investment, accounting for the proportion of paid in capital, not in place of the paid in capital in place plans in place, not the reason of registered capital. Through the investigation for guarantee the registered capital of the enterprise change, learn to apply the ownership structure guarantee business change, and the historical evolution and enterprise application security relative to the application, analysis of ownership structure of security companies and the actual management is to adapt to. If the parent company's ownership most concentrate on a handful of family shareholders, but operating subsidiary, dispersed ownership of enterprises, can not simply use a series of drawbacks of family enterprises to determine the corporate governance structure is not perfect.
3, application management guarantee enterprises
Need to be investigated are: organizational structure, membership, decision-making mechanism, personnel, management systems and internal control measures etc.. On the application of management guarantee business judgment, and apply for the guarantee enterprise in which the industry characteristics and other factors combine to comprehensive evaluation. Such as high-tech enterprises and labor-intensive enterprises personnel have very big distinction, occupation managers and business owners and managers of the enterprise, also have different effects on the management of the company. In the investigation of application management guarantee business, focus on the analysis of the application of human resource management, guarantee the financial especially mode and characteristics of sales management funds management, procurement of production. At the same time, but also master the application security enterprise is a single corporate client or customer group, if the group's subsidiaries, should be a detailed understanding of the relationship between the parent company of the group control, see through the personnel control, is controlled by the financial relationship, or through the purchase of raw materials and product sales contract control, and to judge the impact of all kinds of control on the relationship between bank loan security.
4, the quality of
The main survey for the legal representative person, guarantee enterprise actual controller and the management team's personnel structure, education level, experience, performance, credibility, integrity, analyzes its management ability. If the management team has a wealth of experience in the industry, with a high sense of responsibility, will increase the security of loan guarantees, if the main controller of the enterprise had a bad business performance or a variety of bad conduct, such as job, extravagance and waste, sabotage, gambling addiction, they should carefully guarantee.
5, reputation status
(1), the credibility of the bank
The opening of accounts, host for which bank is open, in which bank basic clearing households, for guarantee business is a loan from the bank, the total number of loans, has also many, what time the remaining loan maturity. In the case of bank credit rating.
(2), business reputation
Between upstream and downstream enterprises related business and other business, whether or not to perform the contract, payment in arrears and other commercial disputes occur frequently.
(3), other social credit
The relationship between enterprise and application security tax and other related departments, there are no taxes, there is no relevant departments punishment, there is no relevant media exposure to bad behavior.

(two), the investigation for financial guarantee enterprises
1, assets and liabilities
The first analysis of the balance sheet item by item, look at the overall situation of various kinds of financial data, then continuous analysis of the annual changes and changes. At last the entire balance structure is analyzed, compared with the same category of enterprise asset structure, apply for the structure of assets and liabilities guarantee enterprise is reasonable.
2, debt paying ability
Based on the analysis of the enterprise application security nearly two years of assets, liabilities, owner's equity index and the change trend of the total assets and liabilities rate, calculation, current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio and other indicators and analysis of reasons. At the same time, cash flow to the enterprise application security and contingent liabilities to analyze and judge. Attention to the investigation, the solvency of the size of a business is not necessarily its asset size corresponding to the size, because the enterprise's financial statements reflected the status of assets is not completely effective assets such as real, which may have some accounts receivable aging has been very long, it is impossible to recover. Or some inventory of poor quality or the current prices, its value has been greatly devalued or cannot cash etc.. So pay attention to fully understand the basis of real situation of enterprise assets, the comprehensive evaluation of their short-term and long-term debt paying ability.
3, management ability
Investigation and analysis of application security enterprises in recent years the assets turnover, accounts receivable turnover, inventory turnover, the acquisition of raw materials, quantity, production and marketing rate of produce and sale and other financial indicators changes and reasons for applying for guarantee, enterprise management capacity evaluation.
(1), view the application security enterprises in recent years the index growth rate, growth rate, especially the change of market share can reflect the competitiveness of enterprises.
(2), view the application security enterprises in recent years the amount of accounts receivable, the rate of increase or decrease, aging, prevent enterprises increase sales and profits, also can be to the upstream enterprises to understand the reasons of the default payment to another understanding of the applicant, for guarantee the quality of products, competitiveness and market prospects.
4, the profit ability
Investigation, calculation for guarantee enterprise nearly two years of sales revenue, net profit, scale and sales gross margin, sales net profit rate, profit rate of asset, capital profit rate, profit form the main data and other financial indicators and the analysis of the changes and reasons. Generally speaking, the product sales profit rate is high, the cost of goods sold sales net income in the proportion of smaller, cost within a certain period of time fixed unchanged profit more, enterprise profitability is strong. Sometimes need to study business cost rate of profit, cost profit rate is high, indicating the same cost can get more profits, and achieve the same profit to need to spend less cost, also means that the profitability of enterprise application security more strong.
5, the financial situation investigation problems in need of special attention
(1), make the necessary adjustments to the financial data
Analysis for guarantee the solvency of enterprises, should eliminate aged more than 3 years of accounts receivable, prepayments, subsidies of receivable. Prepaid expenses, net loss of current assets, inventory backlog of pending. Start up costs, long-term deferred expense and deferred assets. The other project verification does not have the liquidity.
(2), analysis of enterprise financial statements do not standardized motivation
Distinguish between the financial statements is not standardized accounting errors or deliberate fraud caused. The accounting errors in financial statements, investigators can be adjusted, and the next step of the analysis on the basis of adjustment. The enterprise intentionally false financial statements, should focus on the analysis of the motivation and judgment on the safety of loan brings.
(3), the financial forecast through the whole analysis process
Although the financial data of the enterprise is very important, but the Guarantee Corporation is the relationship between the enterprise's financial results in the future, so the analysis on the financial situation at the same time, focus on the rational forecast of future cash income and other financial situation.
(4), to the actual business analysis and financial data link
Changes in financial indicators, to look for the reason from the specific business of enterprises.
(5), considering the various financial indicators
Because of the different mode of operation, will lead to some index is low and a high index, such as an enterprise products have a certain accounting period, the inventory turnover rate may be lower than the cash settlement of the enterprise, but at the same time the selling price settlement period of products is generally higher than the cash settlement, the resulting profits may be higher than the cash settlement business therefore, can not simply from the low rate of inventory turnover is identified as the enterprise cash settled enterprises.

Three), for guarantee business and market survey
1, the development of the industry
Through the investigation, understanding for guarantee of where the industry is an emerging industry, mature industry is a sunset industry. The industry is likely to enter or exit. The industry average profit is obviously different between the level of the same industry, such enterprises in the area distribution, supply and demand trends, product enterprise.
Investigators from the enterprise application security scale, technology, management, the competitiveness of products of raw materials, control capability to judge applicants in the industry's position.
2, production
(1), the scale of production, the total output value, sales and enterprise asset size, market share and market position, the stages of development.
(2), learn to apply the guarantee business equipment, technology, production cycle, production capacity and storage facilities.
(3), to understand the application security enterprises are manufacturers, wholesalers or retailers.
(4), production is seasonal, raw materials supply of seasonal or product sales of seasonal.
(5), the existing production capacity, production scale is reasonable.
(6), quality brand characteristics, the main products of the company, the industry is in a leading position, compared with similar products at home and abroad have any advantages, it has a strong sense of social influence in the region, as well as the leading product sales income in total income than the weight of the borrower.
3, the raw material Market
To investigate the raw material supply channels and sources, settlement.
4, product market
Market development ability, marketing channel, the sales of the main product and the market share of coverage area.
Investigators need to take into account the enterprise product yield increased after sales market space and potential, reasonable prediction.
5, the market competitiveness
The raw material procurement, product sales and the main technical aspects to find the application main rival security companies, to highlight the advantages of the enterprise and analysis of main competitors to purchase, production, sales and other links.

Four), loan demand and source of repayment feasibility investigation
1, the loan and credit
Investigators need to pay attention to the following points:
(1), the purpose of the loan is reasonable
When the use of the loans are not used for the procurement of raw materials and the production and operation of the other liquidity needs, should be explained and require the borrower.
(2), whether the borrower is the direct users of credit
When the loan is not the borrower when in use, users should be required to provide direct loan joint guarantee responsibility.
(3), is used for the main business growth
Generally speaking, business to business growth, loans used in the production process from the purchase of short-term funds needed cash to return. Need to know whether the enterprise has the loans for speculative business investigation.
(4), whether the loan for other debt repayment of enterprises
Other debt usually have:
1), short-term financing required for other charges payable in daily operation expenditure.
2), production can not cash flows from operating the repayment of all bank loans due for repayment of the loan, may apply for other loans.
2, the loan demand rationality
Measure the actual production lines operating needs of the borrower, carefully investigate the borrowers to apply for the amount and loan purposes are consistent. According to the actual situation, business cycle, cash flow, analysis whether the loan can meet the normal production and operation situation.
Business cycle = days inventory and accounts receivable turnover days
Cash to cash cycle = operating cycle the payables turnover days
According to the operating cycle and cash cycle to determine the borrower's financial needs.
(five), source of repayment
1, the cash income from operations
The first source of repayment, is a necessary prerequisite for the loan approval. Focus on the analysis of consecutive years of net operating cash flow, if negative, even if there is a larger increase in sales revenue, may also appear repayment difficulties.
2, by selling assets into cash
The focus of attention of enterprise assets pledged to the other creditors or have signed "are not allowed to sell or mortgage" clause.
3, through the refinancing cash income
(six), associated enterprises
Some related enterprises exist the transaction through misappropriation of loan funds, the transfer of property, tax avoidance, evasion of debts and other illegal, illegal behavior.
Affiliated enterprises review points:
Through the associated enterprises registered capital flight, whether 1.
2, is the existence of assets, costs, expenses, profit non normal transfer, the existence of false trading, and the formation of false financial report.
3, whether the enterprise a troops several brands of form, to escape the debt of non normal transfer of assets.
There is the use of employee stock ownership plan or MBO and other forms of debt situation, whether the 4 suspended.
5, to examine whether the repeat loan conditions.
There are a guarantee of 6, whether, leading to guarantee virtual situation.

The fourth chapter is the analysis of financial factors
The first section, financial analysisProcedures and source
First, financial analysis steps
(a), the development of the financial analysis programThe composition and division of labor, time schedule, financial analysis and the content analysis method.
(two), collects the financial data analysis
1In recent years, the enterprise and the latest issue of accounting information
2The same industry competitors, and the advanced level, average data.
(three) the authenticity of data collection, analysisIt is only according to the financial statements, is likely to draw a correct conclusion, financial analysis usually can not solve the real problem analysis report, but also pay attention to the following issues.
1Whether the financial report, standard.
2If there are omissions.
3Abnormal phenomenon, analysis of financial data.
4, pay attention to the views of the audit report (rejected, qualified, unqualified).
(four), the implementation of financial analysis
(five), comprehensive evaluation of the financial situation of enterprises
Two, financial analysis of the data source
(a), regularly submit accounting statements of enterprises
(two), the CPA's audit report
1, types of audit report
(1), unqualified audit report
(2), the audit report reservations
(3), adverse opinion report
(4), refusal to express views of the audit report
2The audit report, points for attention
(1The audit report of Certified Public Accountants), high level, good reputation is of high reliability, accounting firms such as audit qualifications in Securities and futures industry will pay more attention to the external reputation and long-term interests, the possibility of issuing false audit report is relatively small, generally for the financial analysis, financial data and does not need large adjustment range.
(2), if the enterprise often change the accounting firm, and the scale is very small, credibility is slightly worse, financial analysis, adjust the accounting statements of enterprises need a wide range of data.
(3), if the CPA out is qualified opinions, negative opinions and refused to publish views of the audit report, generally higher credibility to the audit report, but need to do careful review of "doubt" part, financial data and a wide range of adjustment of enterprises.
(4), if you do not provide the audit report, the need for enterprises to conduct a comprehensive analysis of accounting statements, and adjust the corresponding data.
The second section, the financial analysis method
Generally speaking, there are four main methods of financial analysis:
A, comparison analysisTo illustrate the relationship between the number of financial information and quantity differences between, indicates the direction for further analysis. This comparison can be compared to the actual and planned, can be this period compared with the previous period, also can be compared with the other enterprises in the same industry.
(a), on the basis of
1In this period, compared with previous data during the data phase, analysis of the development trend of the future.
2Compared with other enterprise or industry, do the business data and with the industry average level, advanced level, analysis of enterprise's survival ability, competitive ability.
3Comparison of this period, the actual number of and plan, budget, to complete the analysis plan or budget.
4At the beginning of the period, the final number and the number of comparison, study the relationship between them, changes of gains and losses in these projects.
(two), classification
1), comparative analysis of changes in absolute numbers.
2Percentage changes), comparative analysis.
Two, trend analysisIn order to reveal the financial position and operating results and the reason, nature, to help predict the future. For trend analysis of the data can be an absolute value, also can be the ratio or percentage data.
Three, factor analysisIn order to analyse the influence of some factors on a financial indicators, generally by difference analysis.
Four, ratio analysisThrough the analysis of financial ratios, understand the company's financial position and operating results, often by means of comparative analysis and trend analysis method.
1The type, proportion
1), correlation ratio
2), structure ratio
3), efficiency ratio
2, need to pay attention to the problem
(1), contrast to the project must have correlation.
(2), the numerator and denominator calculated ratios must be consistent in computation time and range etc..
3, measure
(1), historical standards
Such as on the actual, practical, practical, over the same period last year history advanced level.
(2), the intended target
If the budget index, index, quota design.
The method has a certain degree of coincidence. In the practical work, the most widely used method of ratio analysis.
Verification of the third day, the financial analysis of the authenticity of the data
The current enterprise financial accounting report distortion phenomenon is particularly serious, serious doubts it must appear on the in-depth analysis of enterprise reports, statements from the trace to the general ledger, ledger, original vouchers, to truly understand the real financial situation.
Form a, false statements
(a), man-made financial statement dataMan-made financial statements, as submitted to the Guarantee Corporation and the bank, are often inflated asset, virtual cut costs, deficiency of profit, but often report imbalance (sub items and not equal to total), between the accounts do not match, statements and statements Gouji inconsistent, during the report data of non convergence etc..
(two) the relevant data, adjust the financial statements using the accounting methodFalse financial statements by using the accounting method choice form, more subtle means, technology is more advanced, more difficult to identify, common means:
1Revenue recognition, adjust, make the profitProvisions of existing accounting system can adopt three kinds of income determination:
(1Complete the sales behavior), (goods have been sold, to send the goods, make the right or the service has been provided), whether payment is received, can be regarded as the income to achieve.
(2), according to production schedule confirmation (degree completion or progress of the project).
(3), according to the contract confirmation, mainly refers to the installment sales method. At the same time, the business income is confirmed, it should discount, discount, sales returns. Fraud, enterprises can according to need to adjust income confirmation, or adjust the deduction.
2Adjust the inventory valuation method, etc.To add assets and virtual cut costs. Such as through the selection of FIFO, LIFO, weighted average method, the book value of the assets increase, costs or product cost virtual.
3, adjust the depreciation methodTo extend or shorten the depreciation period, reduce cost and virtual, high profit.
The following minimum term of computing depreciation of fixed assets:
(1), houses, buildings, as20Years;
(2), aircraft, train, ship, machine, machinery and other production equipment, for the10Years;
(3), equipment, tools, furniture and other related to production and business activities, as the5Years;
(4), aircraft, train, ship transportation, as4Years;
(5), electronic equipment, as3Years.
The rate of depreciation is:
(1), domestic5%
(2), foreign capital10%
4The use of asset restructuring, profit adjustmentReorganization of assets is the enterprise in order to optimize the capital structure, the adjustment of industrial structure, to achieve the strategic transfer purposes such as replacement of assets and equity exchange to achieve. But the reorganization of assets to be used to do false account, the typical approach:
(1), through the related trade, by the company to high-quality assets replacement another company assets of the poor.
(2), by the company to profitability higher subordinate enterprises sold to another company.
(3), the company will sell some idle asset price to another company.
The characteristics of these practices is a poor use of time, such as a major asset sales in the fiscal year before the end, confirm the profits. One is not equivalent to the exchange, by means of related party transactions, between subsidiaries and parent company"To waste in exchange for gold"The transfer of profits.
5Adjusting the profit, the use of related party transactionsThe main ways:
(1), fictional economic operations, artificially inflated the company business and benefit.
(2), with much higher or lower than the market price, to purchase and sale, replacement of assets and equity exchange.
(3), with guaranteed way of entrustment or delegated management, raise the operating results of the company.
(4), to low interest or interest capital transactions, regulate the financial expenses.
(5), to collect or pay the management fees, or the allocation of common costs profit adjustment.
The biggest characteristic of regulating profits through related party transaction: one is the loss of large can overnight into large profits, and the related transaction profit largely reflects the"Profit from other operations","Income from investment"Or"Operating income"The use of related party transactions, but the company earned"Windfall", often with a primary.
6Evaluation of potential loss, eliminate use of assetsAccording to the provisions of the accounting system and the principle of prudence, enterprise losses shall be in accordance with legal procedures, to be reflected through the income statement. However, many enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, often in the joint-stock restructuring, foreign investment, leasing, mortgage, through the assessment of the assets, bad debts, slow-moving and damaged inventory, long-term investment, fixed assets loss loss and deferred assets losses recognised as assessment of impairment, offset"Capital reserve"Thus, accounting statements, false profit objective.
7Using virtual assets, profit adjustmentAccording to international practice, assets refers to the ability to generate future economic benefits of resources. Can not bring economic benefits to the project, even with the accrual of the requirements listed in the balance sheet, strictly speaking, is not the true sense of the assets, the concept of virtual assets. The so-called virtual assets, refers to the expenses or losses have occurred, but due to the lack of capacity while hanging as prepaid expenses, deferred assets, current asset losses in suspense and fixed assets loss assets to be processed.
Enterprises through the not timely confirmation, less amortization or no amortization expenses and losses have occurred, so as to reduce the cost, increase profit.
8Capitalization of interest, the adjustment of profitsAccording to the provisions of the accounting system, enterprises in the construction and long-term assets fixed assets and pay interest charges, in the long-term assets into use, can be capitalized, included in the costs of long-term assets. Put into use after the interest expense must be included in the current profits and losses. But some enterprises in the long-term assets put into use will interest expenses capitalised, obvious abuse of the matching principle and the distinction between capital expenditure and operating expense principle, the inflated profits.
The capitalization of interest adjustment profit more secretive, using its own capital and borrowed funds is difficult to define the truth, by artificially created funding sources and uses of funds, will be used for non capital expenditure capitalization of interest.
9The equity investment, profit adjustmentThe main practices in foreign investment enterprise according to the need, by selecting the equity method or method of cost accounting for foreign investment, and increase investment income, achieve the purpose of virtually increased profits. Such as: for the profitability of the invested enterprise, the equity method of accounting, the losses of the invested enterprise, even if the equity ratio of more than20%, still use the cost method.
In addition, according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of finance, if the listing Corporation to foreign investment in real assets and intangible assets, assets assessment shall be done, and will evaluate the value-added component included in capital surplus, but require the company to foreign investment transfer, must be debited with the investment capital of public product, also credited to income. This provision undoubtedly to the enterprise inflated profits provides an excuse. As companies with other enterprise agreement to invest in real assets and intangible assets, the valuation of assets each other to overestimate the value of the assets, and will be held by the equity transfer to the associated enterprises of the other party, which will overestimate the value of the assets as operating income increase each other's profit. This is another method using the equity investment profit adjustment.
In addition to using other receivables and other payables and other subjects of regulating profits, increase capital etc..
Recognition method two, false financial statements
(a), of man-made identification method of financial statement dataMainly take the evidence, comparative analysis, audit verification means, generally have the following methods:
1At the same time, the collection of financial statements through different channels as possible, compared the similarities and differences, to question the difference data.
2At the same time, the financial statements of the continuous to enterprises, to challenge the validity of different data.
3Among the different financial statements, check the balance and the statements of the relationship, points out the.
4Compared with the usual observation, grasp the business situation, find out the key or important project financial vulnerabilities, doubt.
5, field investigation, of accounts, accounts, account card and warehouse.
(two), identification method of false statements to the accounting method of choiceSuch a situation is good accounting, often do statements balance and the account, account account, account card agrees, so the identification method should take the following methods:
1The bad assets, the elimination methodHere said the bad assets, including prepaid expenses, pending net loss, net loss of current assets to be processed, fixed asset expenditures, the long-term prepaid expenses and virtual assets outside the project, also including possible potential loss capital projects, such as the elderly, accounts receivable inventory backlog and losses, investment losses fixed asset losses, etc.. Using the method, is compared with the net assets of non-performing assets, if the bad assets approach or exceed the total net assets, not only about the continued viability of enterprises may be a problem, may also indicate that enterprises in the past few years due to exaggerated profit"Asset bubbles". One is to increase the amount of current assets and increase or decrease with the current total profit and profit increase in comparison, if the increase in non-performing assets and increase to increase by more than the total profit and increase the income of enterprise, the table contains"Water content".
2The related party transactions, the elimination methodRelated party transactions exclusion refers to the total operating revenue and profit from the associated enterprises may be eliminated, analysis relies on a specific corporate profitability in the extent to affiliated enterprises, to judge the enterprise profit foundation is solid, the source of profits is stable. If the business income and source of profits of the enterprise mainly come from the affiliated enterprise, it should pay special attention to the pricing policy, the existence of which inflated or virtual reduce profits not equivalent to the exchange and correlation analysis of the phenomenon of enterprise business transaction.
Extended transaction elimination method is the use of consolidated accounting statements, the subsidiary of the accounting statement and its parent company for comparative analysis. If the consolidated financial statements of the parent company's total profit (gross profit should be eliminated subsidiary) is much lower than the total profits of subsidiaries, means the parent company to subsidiaries will transfer profits through related party transactions.
3Abnormal profit, eliminationElimination of abnormal profit refers to the profit from other operations, investment income, income subsidies, excluding income from sales total profits of an enterprise, the stability analysis of the source of enterprise's profit. When the reorganization of enterprise assets or equity investment by way of regulating profits, mainly reflected in these subjects, and is especially effective for such this method.
4, the cash flow analysis method

The cash flow analysis method refers to the cash flows from operating activities, investment activities generated cash flow, cash flow and main business profits, investment income and net profit compared to judge the quality of enterprises, the main business profit, net investment income and profit. If the net cash flow of enterprise long-term below the net profit, will mean and has been confirmed as profit corresponding assets may not virtual assets into cash flow, shows that the enterprise may have inflated profits situation.

Security investigation is a complicated work, requested that the project manager must have the professional knowledge in finance, financial, legal, management etc.. In real life, not so complicated. But must point combined with information collected, to be comprehensive, the focus of the survey will highlight. Think of any place in doubt, must get to the bottom of, do not do things carelessly.