On American Trade Law"Act 301"The reference and the countermeasure and China law

Abstract:
American "section 301" a narrow and a broad sense, the 301 clause narrow just American 1974 revised "Trade Law" enacted in 301st, the specific content is a kind of non trade barriers retaliatory measures, or a threat measures. When other state-owned "unfair" or "unfair" trade practices, American trade representative can be decided to implement the withdrawal of trade concessions or preferential preferential terms and other sanctions, forcing the country to change its "unfair" or "unfair" approach. The 301 terms of the generalized including general section 301, Special 301, super 301 terms and other measures. USA 301 terms of legal system in this sense, is called its range for 301 terms system is gradually expanding trend. "Article 301" power does not lie in the clause itself, but rather it take retaliatory consequences and sanctions are possible, its core is to USA market for weapons, forcing other countries to accept international trade norms themselves, to maintain the interests of the America. In fact, USA trade policy is aggressive unilateralism, foreign markets opened by potential intimidation role, is a typical to America interests malicious use rights, achieve the objective behavior of the American trade. Localization Chinese trade legal system construction and foreign culture should be the biggest potential market China premise, use the opportunity to adjust and perfect the legal system, fairness Chinese, maintain foreign deterrence and punishment.
Keywords: Section 301 sanctions WTO
 One, America 301 terms system overview
(a), background
In international trade, every country hopes to expand exports, making their goods or services to a foreign market. At the same time to set up trade or technical barriers, import restrictions. Therefore, when the domestic resources are relatively scarce, share the world resources becomes the inevitable power trade. So under the background of economic globalization, the urgent need for countries to remove all barriers, the GATT solves this problem in a certain extent. However, USA gradually felt the GATT can not effectively safeguard the interests of America, especially by mutual agreement, each member to make concessions, in exchange for equal trade interests, more let America unacceptable. America think, do a concession in the reduction of tariffs and market access, however, other member states not to USA equal interest, or take other measures distort trade relations, set up obstacles, damage the interests of the American. If no settlement can be reached, depending on the GATT dispute settlement mechanism can not solve problems effectively.
 Based on the above background, America modified the "Trade Law" in 1974, to 301st, and revised, and eventually become a USA trade interests protection system. This is the origin of the legal system American "section 301".
(two), American "section 301" and the evolution history of legal system
   The narrow USA "section 301".
   Article 301 narrow just USA 1974 revised "Trade Law" enacted 301st. Specific content is a measure of revenge on non trade barriers or a threat measures. When other state-owned "unfair" or "unfair" trade practices, American trade representative can be decided to implement the withdrawal of trade concessions and preferential terms and other sanctions, forcing the country to change its "unfair" or "unfair" approach.
   The 301 terms of the generalized including general section 301, Special 301, super 301 terms and body supporting measures. In this sense, the scope USA "section 301" legal system tend to be called the 301 clause system gradually expanding trend.
   Among them, 301 general terms, namely narrow section 301, the USA trade sanctions general statement. However, super 301, Section 301, clause special supplementary terms in specific areas of trade equation made specific provisions, constitute the main contents of the legal system American "section 301" and application system. Specifically: 301 clause is the rules for protection of intellectual property and intellectual property market access and other aspects; super 301 clause is in foreign trade barriers and expand the provision USA foreign trade; supporting measures are discriminatory against market disorder telecommunication trade "the telecommunication Section 301" and the foreign government agency for foreign procurement and unfair practices "foreign government procurement procedures".
   The relationship between American narrow and broad "section 301" is a dialectical unity, constitutes a complete value system reflected USA legal culture, play a role USA interests.
    "301 clause" is the basis for the other 301 terms, the other 301 terms is a refinement of general clause 301. Even without the other 301 terms, American trade representative can apply general provisions of clause 301 to resolve trade disputes. It mainly aims at the issue of market access, trade in goods and services trade, authorized USA trade representative in that foreign trade legislation, policies or practices in violation of the trade agreement, is unreasonable, discriminatory, and burden and limited to USA commercial conditions, to investigate this, every six months to submit a report to Congress, the application, make decisions, the progress of the investigation, and in accordance with the "301" clause to take action and other matters, and at the discretion of the sanction and retaliation, in order to achieve USA according to trade agreement "should be" right, or to eliminate the foreign related legislation, policies or practices to. In short, generally 301 terms not only provided solid content, there are procedural provisions.
 "301 clause" in intellectual property, from the global strategy to strengthen and promote America intellectual property rights in the global scope of the full and effective protection, authorized USA trade representative in a survey every year, confirmed the law related to intellectual property rights which national regulations, policy behavior is most abominable, but failed to USA knowledge property to be fully and effectively protected, thereby preventing America protected by intellectual property products into the market; or make significant progress in America not what countries and relevant intellectual property rights negotiations; then these countries according to the degree, included in the "list," observers "priority list" and the "national key list", and provisions for a period of time, requirements included in the list of countries to take measures within the time limit, to eliminate the adverse effects, or USA will retaliate.

"Super 301" provisions for the "national key" and "key practices in these countries," authorized USA president for those restrictions are the most severe, American unfair or unreasonable trade, resulting in serious damage to the national economy America, investigation and punishment of revenge. He stipulated that in USA trade representative initiated to eliminate these "key practices" or make compensation for 3 years after the investigation, and in the 3 years after the American exports to the country each year have increased substantially. The focus on "nation", trade representative to submit an annual assessment report, provide the basis for USA corresponding trade action. The validity of this clause has ended in 1990, but has now been restored using.

Legal analysis and economic motivation two, legal system American "section 301"

American Trade Law "section 301" theme, the key and the actual effect, is unilateral self-reliance "fair" or "American" standard, "the unilateral sanctions imposed", most intimidation or reprisals "penalty" means, forcing foreign opening its domestic market. The hegemony of legislation and its implementation, has been widely condemned and criticized in the international community, because this American domestic legislation was obviously deviated from the USA in conclusion of GATT (predecessor of the WTO) the provisions of this multilateral international treaties, the unilateral Zili standard, unilateral judgment and unilateral sanctions imposed retaliation, instead of the the original GATT dispute settlement mechanism in a neutral expert panel survey multilateral principle, submitted to the GATT Council review trial took place off, so contrary to the international obligations USA commitment. However, "USA interest supreme" and "said by him, I earn profits", it is consistently America "pragmatism" philosophy in the field of trade shows, and thus the improper lead the international community in the normal trade order often by USA "section 301". The establishment of a new international trade dispute settlement mechanism even in the WTO through the DSU program and the "reverse consensus" voting system, as long as America deems necessary, it may still be completely apart from the WTO DSU program, unilateral start arbitrary still firmly in the "section 301", "the plaintiff to both" and "double identity the judge", according to their own set of "legal" standard, to engage in "unfair" trade behavior "charges" imposed "defendant", and "rope with 'law'"! Isn't this again proved: in the power politics and hegemony condition, "public law is one reason, the strong to rope with the law"!
   "The legal system of Section 301" is a means USA using trade policy to pursue its values, and its power lies not in the clause itself, but in consequence of it with revenge. The core is to American market for weapons, forcing other countries to accept American international trade rules, in order to maintain the interests of the USA. "In accordance with the relevant legal provisions of Section 301", if the goods from other countries into the American market, it must be on equal conditions of open markets, once the Americans think the trade policies and practices of open country do not meet the USA interests and standard, American will use "301 clause" sanctions, in order to force the trading partners to change its trade policy objective.

The "301 terms" form seemingly mutual equality, in essence is not fair, with its formal equality obscures the essential inequality, it ignores the actual situation, for other national power between countries give non reciprocal treatment more inclusive, this should not only is America as WTO members developed country Members fulfill international obligations, should also be international responsibility USA as the most powerful in the world superpower undertakes, however, reflected from the "section 301" America seek nothing but profits nature makes an international pariah!
   Generally speaking, America Trade Law "301 clause", is only part of USA domestic law, only to America national effect and jurisdiction. However American "301 clause" to establish a series of system forced foreign government within country trade policy and America domestic policy consistency, greatly affect other countries in legislation, clearly has the extraterritorial effect, this is a violation of international law, is the embodiment of economic America power. Although since the launch has condemned by the international community, but in fact America Trade Law "301 clause" legal system affect the legislation of other countries, continue to play the extraterritorial legal effect. Analysis of its causes is America has a broad market, American by virtue of its strong economic power as the backing, extraterritorial law play its internal law. In the economic globalization today, the development trend of law whether diversification or unified debate, American delusion to domestic law country instead of international law, realize the unification, is a fundamental work.
   However, through the power of the America "section 301" legal economy, give strict trade sanctions and threats against USA domestic legal and not the same with America trade policy of the state, has a strict timetable in the program, fully embodies the USA will, through legislation and proposed the "National Trade Estimate" through a series of lists, and like the so-called renovation means, continue to apply pressure to the trading partners, to achieve its purpose of economic power.
   In a word, the essence of the legal system USA "301 clause" is through economic sanctions and other countries forced to comply with its values and the rule of law, USA this "carrot and stick" policy, on the one hand, its favourable market conditions as bait, encourage national trade; on the other hand, USA "301 the terms" legal system, violate the principle of sovereign equality of States, to other national judicial sovereignty interference, is economic hegemony and unilateralism, have an important impact on the world economy and the multilateral trading system.
   American "section 301" legal essence hidden behind the strong economic incentives, as everyone knows, USA is the most developed country in the world the comprehensive national strength, USA style trade preferences seem fair, in fact and America as the world's most developed country duty, other countries in accordance with the requirements for market access and standards America requirements, to American favorable. No doubt, American recent and other countries "301 clause" system of the dispute, in fact is the conflicts of interest. Chinese legal system construction in the economic globalization environment should be based on long-term interests and the overall situation, to prevent the intensification of the contradictions, derive benefit from the experiences of other countries for reference, to safeguard national economic security. It should be noted that with the effect of the birth of the World Trade Organization and related protocol, TRIPS protocol to American "section 301" legal system of international standards, DSU protocol makes America "301 clause" of the legal system program internationalization. American "legal system of Section 301" and DSU protocol is a fairly similar, whether the dispute, consultation, or the dispute settlement body ruled, showed American partly to legislation in the world. The World Trade Organization Agreement does not mean that USA "section 301" the end of legal system. On the contrary, American "section 301" legal system with the integration of world economy, according to legal principles and values America pragmatism, when the conflict of interest rules and the world USA, America can also resort to USA "section 301" legal system, the legal right to apply USA.
   On the basis of USA trade representative of the 1989 -1999 annual special "section 301" information shows that, the legal system America "section 301" not only has a strong function of trade depression, but also for the USA political purpose service function. According to statistics, China as legal system American "section 301" the biggest victimized country, almost every year is listed as the list of key foreign and focus on the country, USA domestic trade system interference China trade policy. Analysis of the reasons, America implement "legal threats 301 clause" of the motives and reasons for China is its political purposes, the specific reason is America excuse China trade import policies, standards, and export subsidies, intellectual property protection and other protection barriers exist obstacles. In fact, America trade policy is actually aggressive unilateralism, foreign market opened by a potential threat effect. Is a typical to USA interests malicious use of right, to USA trading objective.
   The legal system American "section 301" the historical destiny and development latitude is a very complex problem, on the one hand, USA "section 301" legal sanction, which is due to both the speculative thought and seek the fuzzy concept to realize its interest in some dispute, to curb protectionism favorable on the other hand, America; to stick policy makes the convergence of interests of the developing countries, the legal system American "section 301" effect by many countries and domestic opposition, American has been adjusted and changed its strategy, to adapt to the requirements of the international community.
   But, in any case, America "section 301" legal system to ensure America interests, is one of the successful provisions. Therefore, Chinese should actively research USA "section 301" legal system on the China WTO under the conditions of China fair legislation significance.
   Application and Prospect of insufficient three, after joining the WTO China "section 301" and Chinese fair law

After joining the WTO Chinese, certainly does not result in the termination of America s Application of "section 301". On the contrary, USA China more frequently threatened to use "301 clause". At least the following points: first, Chinese current economic trade system reform has made great progress and great progress, but the law, regulations inconsistent with WTO rules abrogated, modify, adjust and legislative blank filling work has not been completed, the lack of transparency in government management problems. Second of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, using the rules and procedures of the lack of experience, make our country failed to make full use of DSB service for me. Third, laws, lax enforcement of the law, illegal not correct phenomenon the existence of more or less, especially the protection of intellectual property rights need to be further strengthened, often caused by WTO members, especially American discontent. Therefore, Chinese early accession to the WTO in recent years are still suffering from the "301 terms" confusion.

  After joining WTO, our country should comply with the WTO rules, at the same time, our country also can be in the range WTO rules allow the formulation, implementation, improvement in the protection of domestic industry law, domestic law and the world. In the economic globalization today, especially the formation of the WTO multilateral trade mechanism, higher requirements are put forward on the law of fair competition, fair trade law, equity law construction relevant legislative provisions, not a domestic law violation of WTO multilateral trade mechanism; on the other hand, under the guidance of the principle of the sovereignty maintain national economic security and economic order. Status in equity law of our country, and USA etc. compared with developed countries, there are obvious gaps, both during the fair law legislation or fair law enforcement, especially building fair and legal system of the Chinese anew in accordance with the provisions of the world trade organization, China's fair legal system still exist many problems. Mainly in the following aspects:
   (a), from the point of legislation, a fair legal system remains to be perfect, the legal department is not perfect, can not construct the legislation, especially the lack of important anti monopoly legislation, can not effectively control the market order, not to mention as a legal system USA "301 clause", threatening other countries trade policy and law system,
   1, on anti-monopoly legislation. Also has not formulated the "anti-monopoly law" in our country at present, the monopolistic behavior generally apply the basic principles of the anti unfair competition law and some provisions. Monopoly and unfair competition, anti-monopoly and anti improper competition although close, but after all, is not the same thing. China's Anti Unfair Competition Law "unfair competition is refers to the operator violates the provisions of this law, damage the legitimate rights and interests of other operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order behavior". While monopoly is to limit and hinder the competition process, performance for the market monopoly, monopoly, price monopoly and other forms of technology. Unfair competition in broad sense including monopoly. But both in the prohibited degree, scope, behavior etc.. Some monopoly behavior can use anti unfair competition law, some can not. If the range of a few enterprises to carve up the market or the agreed limit control market belongs to the anti monopoly law, anti unfair competition law cannot mediate similar problems.
   2, about the legislation of anti-dumping. The antidumping law is a general term of all legal norms of international trade against dumping the acts of unfair competition. Mainly includes two aspects, one is the use of legal means to eliminate dumping, the effective protection of the domestic similar product producer interests; the two is that a country's anti-dumping law into international orbit, to avoid the abuse of anti-dumping measures and the destruction of the order of international trade. China into existing tariff barriers will reduce greatly the WTO, subject to unfair trade to develop new measures to deal with the developed countries. Chinese emerging industry, high-tech industry a pillar industry of the national economy and vulnerable damage but has important strategic significance and will play a very important role, making the antidumping law has great significance, in 2001 promulgated the "anti dumping and anti subsidy regulations", some terms should be specific and detailed and operable. But the detailed rules for the implementation of the "Regulations" has not yet been issued. The lawless phenomenon is most worrying. First is the WTO behind a large number of foreign cheap imports, the lack of effective measures. Although the "Regulations" provisions of the levy anti-dumping duties, providing margin, price commitment to anti-dumping measures, but no specific rules regarding how to prevent, punish the circumvention of anti-dumping measures. The second is the inability to cope with a number of anti-dumping investigations against China.
   Since 1979 the first of China's export machine clock initiated anti-dumping investigations initiated, our products have been charged nearly 400 dumping some international organizations and countries, anti-dumping cases caused by loss of China accumulated almost $ten billion in Global trade, become the biggest victim of anti-dumping cases in the. On the implementation of the direct consequences of foreign anti-dumping sanctions to China export products are exported products are levied high anti-dumping tax. Indirect consequences is the impact of China's export products, hindered the China industrial structure adjustment and technological transformation process, worsened the investment environment in China, the impact of the domestic market, the adverse effect on China's economy. Many aspects of foreign anti-dumping reason for the rise in china. Such as trade protectionism, the antidumping system have great arbitrariness, discrimination China and China's export order of chaos, was accused of dumping enterprises responding to adverse. To improve the anti dumping legal system be imperative and responding mechanism of our country.
   3, about the anti subsidy legislation. Anti subsidy means the country government subsidies for export enterprises and therefore to the importing country producing similar products industry or the threat of material injury caused substantial damage, or material retardation of the establishment and development of an industry, the government of the importing country has the right to levy anti subsidy tax subsidies have been imported products.
   Western countries think, non market economy country resources, property owned by the government, the distribution is not decided by market economy mechanism, prices, wages, investment, credit were decided by the government, the loss borne by the government, enterprises and government subsidies cannot be drawn property boundaries, export subsidy equal to the government of the exporting country subsidies their own. Therefore, anti subsidy law does not apply to non market economy countries in the imported products. China has always been American and Europe and is regarded as a non market economy country, China's export products are Europe and the United States anti-dumping complaints, but has not been accused of anti subsidy. To our country to enter the market economy era, China faces the possibility of countervailing accusations of growing. At the beginning of 1983 American textile industry to Chinese textile filed countervailing appeal (the complaint was later withdrawn). This sounded the alarm for us. Our country should accelerate the pace of the countervailing legislation, make our country as soon as possible to deal with Foreign Countervailing accusations of preparation.
   4, about the security measures legislation. Safeguard measures are the trade protection measures of GATT Article nineteenth allows foreign goods import restrictions, it needs the protection of domestic industry sources in the economic situation demands on governments, and exists as the exception of free trade. Its basic meaning is, the situation changes when the contracting completely unexpected, but the provisions of States parties to the treaty interests severely damaged, a serious imbalance between occurrence of interest and another Contracting State, the contracting parties to protect their own interests can terminate the contract or to seek a remedy. Major increase tariffs, tariff quotas, quantitative restrictions, held bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations measures. Its original purpose was to prevent the tariff reduction leads to a dramatic increase in foreign imports cause confusion on the domestic economy, and later evolved into the temporary relief cause injury to the domestic industry of importing increasing, whether or not to tariff concessions on the damage. Because of the safeguard measures is fair to foreign competition, the applicable conditions of stringent than the anti-dumping. Our country must establish and perfect the Safeguard Measures Legislation, this is after the entry of WTO on China's legislation is urgent requirements.
   (two), from law enforcement, law enforcement, lack of transparency. The law does not mean that the power must be guaranteed , illegal will be prosecuted. This also involves the problem of law enforcement. No better law enforcement and good law is nothing but a mere scrap of paper. As early as in the Sino US intellectual property rights disputes occurred second times, USA pointed out existing problems Chinese enforcement: law enforcement agencies lack of transparency; law enforcement agencies are blank on the liability; the central government, province , in the application of the law is not consistent; the lack of clear and effective punishment measures; onerous and discriminatory Department requirements; between the actuator can't fit. Although our country in the law enforcement aspect has made certain progress, but after entering WTO, put forward higher requirements for transparency WTO rules on China's law enforcement. The principle of transparency is to make the members and members of the trade laws, regulations, judicial, administrative decisions and other relevant international agreements have the full, timely understanding and knowledge, provide reliability and expected to trade opportunities. Transparency requirements specified in the general agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT) tenth, the general agreement on trade in services (GATS) third, agreement on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) in sixty-third, requires that all relevant laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative decisions to be released to the public. Mainly related to the Customs for the classification of products or valuation, taxes and other charges levied on imports and payment rate, transfer regulations, restrictions and prohibition. Chinese must adopt corresponding measures, make the law , the entire trade regulations, public policy, and only on the basis of the disclosure rules.
   Four , American "section 301" system on the China legal significance and Countermeasures
   After 13 years of difficult negotiations, on December 11, 2001, China finally succeeded in entering the WTO, as WTO 143rd members. Looking back on the past negotiations, every time we realized that gap with developed countries in the world, which prompted us to constantly improve, improve our economic system and legal norms. Positive research on the legal system of American, especially the America America 301 terms system has very strong reference meaning to China law
   American 301 terms system and its power lies not in the clause itself, but in consequence of it with revenge. The core is to American market for weapons, forcing other countries to accept American international trade rules, in order to maintain the interests of the USA. This makes the concept of value America by domestic law forms exhibit strong outside effect, become USA legal trend special value and strong initiative. It is USA 301 clauses and attractive domestic market, which makes the target other countries trade policy can achieve American effect.
   In this sense, America 301 terms system at least for China has the following significance: first, after the reform and opening up more than 20 years, China's economic power has the international competitive advantage, Chinese is one of the biggest potential market, Chinese market interests lure is very obvious. Therefore, Chinese should seize this one opportunity, use the opportunity to adjust and perfect the legal system, fairness China, maintain foreign deterrence and punishment. The basic principle in the world trade organization, second, such as the principle of national treatment within the framework of state-owned enterprises, in the economic security and sovereignty within the scope of protection within the country, so that domestic enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises in the same starting on the real, not by theTaxConcessions to attract investment, let Chinese into the factory of the world, the place China transfer into developed countries Chinese pollution, waste of resources and the pollution of the environment.
   Based on this, the trend of legislation law of fair China properly should be according to law in developed countries such as USA price in the treatment of China and other countries, especially USA trade disputes and disputes on intellectual property, should focus on long-term interests, take positive measures, especially with China's entry into the WTO, actively with America negotiation, negotiation the dispute between the two countries, bilateral trade agreement. However, do not consider the political, economic and other non economic factors only trade and domestic legislation, the disagreement between China is huge. Try to avoid, USA trade representative in the "Special 301" annual review report, will Chinese classified as "priority foreign".
   In the treatment of USA "301 clause", Chinese should take positive measures, the first is to USA request for consultations to reflect rapidly, otherwise, you may lose the chance of bilateral negotiations, second, system analysis "America trade evaluation errors and logical errors, there are about Chinese trade policy USA analysis report" in third, for the American damage calculation of questioning and seeking ways to solve the problem in the range of the world trade organization, to prevent it American unilateral trade and interests, with the World Trade Organization of the multilateral trade system to seek solution and the right restriction.

Five, the conclusion
   USA 301 terms system is undoubtedly reflects the power of economy, is a big stick policy, so in order to trade sanction threat to domestic law, is extended to the international scope, in violation of the present international law. But the law of our country has positive significance.
   Firstly, China should learn from the 301 terms, the development of China's domestic law threatening. With the great success of reform and opening up, China's economic strength has increased, and the labor and raw material cost factors such as large quantities of goods at low prices to enter the international market. Many countries do not want to see a strong competitors, make every attempt suicide Chinese export trade. Only in the case of anti-dumping, to 2007 China's exports of products in foreign involved in anti-dumping cases have been more than 400, nearly 40 countries on China's export products filed anti-dumping investigation. Textile, garments, light industry, household electrical appliances, hardware, medicine, China's major export products and high-tech products are involved. The average tax rate is 50-100%, Mexico on China's footwear competition imposed anti-dumping duties of up to 1105%. So unjust and unfair, discriminatory, unreasonable practices, if the American, will be 301 in terms of the sanctions. Therefore, it is necessary to establish 301 in terms of their "based on the economic development of our country". Other countries either to cancel its unreasonable law, policy or practice, accept our standards and conditions, continue to trade with China, at least in a fair and equal; either accept our standards and requirements, or lose the market in our country and preferential terms.
   Secondly, with foreign related disputes using domestic legal procedures to solve, but should be careful not to violate the territorial jurisdiction principle in international law. The provisions of international law, as long as the event has a elements occur in the country, the country on the event has the jurisdiction. The application of our legal settlement of international disputes, it is very beneficial to our country, can avoid other countries on China's discrimination.
   As American 301 clauses and attractive domestic market, China should actively research into the China fair legal system construction under the condition of accession to WTO, reference and learn from America 301 terms system, to realize the localization of the advanced experience of foreign countries in Chinese, achieve the revitalization of the Chinese civilization.
Reference material.
[1] Yang Guohua, "American Trade Law" 301 clause "of [M]", Law Press, 1999
[2] Li Mingde, "" 301 clause "and the Sino US intellectual property rights disputes" [M], Social Science Press, 2000
[3] Wang Jingqi, "Chinese foreign anti-dumping law and practice" [M], the people's court press, 2000.

[4] Liu Xinghong, "the legal system" foreign trade [M], China legal press, 1996.
[5] Bridget Stern, "the law's importance in the global economy -- what is the role of the norms of international economy, the country how to regulate the global" [M], people's publishing house, 2000
[6] A.L Stoler, the border Broadcasting Disputes under the 301terms, International Trade Law Journal.1999
"The [7] American foreign trade law" section see http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/
Hawley Statement, in 1930, there are 1028 famous experts signed a document not permit the Present about the bill on Tax
American Trade Law "301 clause" legal review