On the USA constitutional discussions and insights

Du Lianghuai founded the "Wuhan dream Hin cultural gallery > held a series of seminars, each participation and discussion are very enthusiastic. By Li Qian recently made a Theme statement, abnormal warm discussion. The exchange of letters not speech excerpts reprinted as follows:

My feeling

                      Li Qian

   Washington in the entire conference (Note: refers to the 1787 draft "American Philadelphia Federal Constitution" during the meeting) are very modest, cautious and low-key. As the first hero of the victory of the war of independence, is be worthy of the name, enjoy popular confidence of the first generation of core of leadership, he has the ability to be an easy job to have conditions, his opinions into most representative opinions, to know that Washington is as a symbol of the United National unity and victory sitting in the hall, the prestige to be very influential, who don't agree with his opinion it is not that the counter revolutionary, is a traitor, traitor, is the UK agent at the meeting? This in the history of our country is not only It is often seen., and is thought to be as unalterable principles. But Washington only in meetings every day and they took on the president, as the beginning and end of the conference etiquette. Other times, he sat in the Virginia delegation table, with common identity of representative to participate in the discussion and voting. He spoke at the meeting a total of 3 times. The first is on the first day, was elected president after brief acceptance speech. Third times in the last day, ask how to do the minutes of the meeting by him to save the future. Second and in the last day, seconding on a motion. Said Washington in this only a substantive statement, his situation, limiting his published opinions, express their emotions. This Washington is fantastic in our view is, why speak Limited was his first generation of core of leadership identity. Is the core of a powerful and unconstrained style should be more more is, we where a day not vomit constitution, the word? Because of Washington's modest, cautious and low-key, so different opinions can be expressed and confrontation of full, and it is fully expressed and confrontation of different views, the proportional system and equal system can find a best balance point, was born a as the vitality of the constitution, only designed a firewall to prevent the abuse of power and chain buckle, ensure that the country's long period of stability and the rich and powerful. Can be said that Washington's modest, cautious and low-key, is the Constitution can be one of the indispensable conditions of birth. 　　

   Liu Bang and Lu Jia dialogue on the rule the world the way often mentioned, Liu Bang acknowledged in the world in not immediately immediately rule. "Immediately", is the pronoun of force. With respect to rule the world by force with the enlightenment to rule the world, is a progress. Lu Jia can put forward to conquer the world and rule the world is not the same thing, Liu Bang as a have rights in one's hand emperor can accept this argument, it has shown high political wisdom. But for two thousand years people have this conversation Jinjin host, but let me have a little not to regard it as right. When it comes to rule the world the world in this sentence, the "play" and "governance" of the party is to the society, also is the world is as a prey to treat, who caught it to all who can exercise power, behoove press and deprivation. So to make the world become to seize the press and deprived of power, rule the world became the press and deprived of power; they like to grazing people as can provide delicious food of cattle and sheep, and then the zhoumu appellation; they believed that people should be when their fathers as for the children, and then the official claims. In short people is only a "cure". America constitution overturned this in our opinion is as unalterable principles of philosophy, a government agency only old people the old in order to better protect their own security and interests and authorized the establishment, it should not be "play" out of which should be "choose" out, if the "play" what are the indispensable significance the words "to", so just try and defend "selected" as a means of. As Churchill said in the selection after the failure of the British people; lead me to the defeat of the fascist, is to defend their right to put me down. If there is no back "," front "play" to the people not only have no meaning but only a disaster. A government full legitimacy lies in Is it right? Have people authorized, and authorized after Is it right? Strict rule of law. From the barrel of a gun to say to vote to say, this is a people's happiness, social harmony, the foundation of a strong nation, is any nation really took the only proper course to take the road of modernization. 　　

The red October (Note: the Experimental Middle School of Wuchang during the cultural revolution, the revolutionary rebels) set the time to make such a decision: no responsible person. The surface reason is worried about the responsible people will break away from masses, will be built. In fact is concerned that they will be the power. Because this group of people started before the cultural revolution or the revolution in varying degrees by pressing various forms of power and even persecution, so they took a negative attitude to authority, this group of from sixteen to nineteen years old students resources of thoughts and life experience are ten Co., with their level of only by not setting power may put forward measures to prevent power damage. This is of course very childish and funny, so not to this decision a month suspended. Here today said such a detail, is to describe the while in the past we have been "blue sky" complex "and the" savior "thinking led by the nose, but for power to be vigilant and not completely lost, but also show people helpless in the face of power, if that time to see the America constitution, may a new idea, but will not be new to go. Now, we have more experience, have more ideological resources, have more reflection of our history, now America constitution, we can see clearly in the constitution of the process, the key moment in their decision the fate of the country, they don't take any ideal country color, no utopian thinking, they haven't announced it is to build a no exploitation of man by man, there is no such a wonderful society oppressed people, not to depict the blueprint for a mirage as aeriality, they just really to make every attempt to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, just rack sth. to design a firewall, design chain buckle to restrict the power of self expansion and play the gangster, although they can not solve all the problems they faced, but they lay all the basic solutions to these problems, although they are not in a morning into a new social completely different, but they always push the society to go forward and let anyone want to take the road back to no one machine. They didn't put the welfare of the people rely on any one person or party body, but to protect the fundamental law of the state. They are not the rule of law instead of the rule of law, rule of law, the human is the subject, the law is a tool, is to master the power of hand tools, lawmakers special interest group representatives can make bad law to deprive the interests of citizens to milk, and let the good law become a mere scrap of paper; to rule by law, law is the main body, man just law enforcement tools, any attempt to be shown or abuse the law and practise favouritism, the first will be difficult, the second will be more dangerous, the probability of success is too low and the risk is too big, it can effectively prevent the power impulse. The bill of rights Article 1 clearly proposed to Congress shall make no restriction of citizens' freedom of speech and of the press law. Freedom of speech and press are extremely important to the preset, multi-layer firewall to secure these rights, because freedom of speech and of the press is a human rights issue, is a social natural purification and natural preservatives, is a natural barrier to prevent power towards tyranny, but also a social vitality and creativity of the most fundamental basis. Born American constitution is a vivid example. 　　

(from Mr. Li Qian in a Xuan "was born America constitution and our reflection" reading the forum theme, topic is di edge added)

　          Also talk about America constitution

　　

                                              Yu Deheng

　　

"Yi Zhongtian was born America constitution and our reflection" a book reference represents the process America statement and relevant documents, from the USA James Madison "debate: USA convention record book" (Liaoning Education Press, 2003 edition). The translator of this book, Yin Xuan, before and after the cultural revolution in the one to teach, not taught me, but in the Cultural Revolution lots of contacts. At the beginning of the 90's he to America from Hubei University as a visiting scholar, one to ten years. About ten one or two years ago to live in Wuhan, a staff dormitory (teacher is in his wife), while English training some students do, while translating this book. He once told me the cause with the translation of this book, also I have seen and Liao agency publication contract. I had proposed to the teacher Yin, translating the book finished, can collect some studies have American constitutional documents translated representative, such as space is too large, may wish to write a comprehensive review of the. Hope that there must be a critical literature. These authors should of course have to Europe and the United States, also must have the developing countries scholars. Ms. Yin said he agreed with my idea, but the project is too big, but also consider. He also spoke about his views on USA constitutional some critical, introduced me to some books, I remember Tocqueville's "theory American democracy", there are few books by Ahrendt. Ms. Yin said later to have to do this, unfortunately, numbered, died a few years ago. 　　

In March 5th, Li Qianxiong listen to lectures, do not think of the past. Li Qianxiong America constitution, constitutionalism "sentiment", I basically agree with and appreciate his reading and thinking, serious attitude. But unfortunately, the general impression, his speech was basically is to celebrate. Write these words, is to doubt, criticism of Li Qianxiong from the view of American constitution, constitutionalism and the research of the mainstream opinion. 　　

The special historical background American constitutionalism can copy? For example, the earliest settlers came to the new world was mostly lower class people, but all of Europe especially England culture background, much as the Puritans, so the Constitution and other laws based on the traditional British, after the war of independence states retain the traditional judicial basis for the court, this point the framers, lawmakers not much difference. For instance, the geographical environment is influenced by the military threat, and the new, with much land and few people, so in 1862 the "Homestead Act" can let people in the farming after 5 years at a very low price to buy 160 acres of land every. 　　

USA sages also said in the constitution, no one can always right, also say that most are not bad, not necessarily better constitution defective. Such as the Constitution did not write civil rights, acknowledged that slavery, Ben Franklin on the abolition of the voter's qualification proposal was rejected. Since then America constitution amended several times, the amendment shall become a part of constitution, its effect is equivalent to the main body of the constitution, at least on the Constitution itself is not complete, there are defects. As it is to directly modify the text or the amendment, I think just a technical problem. The proposition of "USA constitution stability", there have been many voices think is wrong (such as Liu Han "the two revolution, continuous revolution and American constitution stability imagination", "politics and Law Review" the first series, Peking University press 2010 Edition). If so, there is generally more than 200 years American constitution says a word does not change Is it right? Not exact? 　　

Anti democratic political system design of USA constitution, has been the subject of criticism. Little Martin Ruud Kim wrote in a letter from prison "Bermingham": "to our constitution and God given right, we've been waiting for 340 years." Hayek (1899-1992) think, the inherent defects of modern democratic system will make the modern state in totalitarian countries. Sooner or later, and then make the individual liberty disappear. He said: "I to the fact that we are stepping into dead end also believe firmly, therefore, political leaders should try various devices to, turn back the powers of darkness, save us from." Hayek to life in a new mode to save are losing personal freedom. Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) said, the two party system can achieve some degree being dominated the dominant limitation, and citizens are still not become public issues "participants", this is undeniable fact. The party is the core of the representative is often reduced to oligarchy. She is in the "revolution" (1963) proposed alternative political package -- "Council", the Council is the public exchanges citizens directly. Although these effort or "Utopia", but is deep enough to criticize American constitutionalism. 　　

Combined with the status of America criticism American constitutional voice, I knew little of. Have seen an article "America democratic disenchantment" (Fu Keng, "reading" contained in 2010 tenth), this article introduces the Princeton University political science professor Sheldon Wolin published in 2008, "democratic big companies -- regulation of democracy and reverse totalitarian ghost" a book. The following is my finishing Mr. Fu review points, and with a little bit of material and I understand. 　　

He thinks USA across the country like a large joint-stock companies, the so-called democracy is "managed democracy" -- not to impose the will of the public leaders, no violence to cancel the opposition, but with the model of management stock company, control the election process, rational management skills, so as to realize the centralization of state power. 　　

"Managed democracy" there are several points:

One is by the media and political propaganda spread democratic myth, in order to form a passive alienation mass. Although the myth has been or is broken, the continuation of the effect can not be underestimated. 　　

Two is the "money power". Each interest group politics in USA with great resources non-stop operation, closely connected with Congress to schedule, strategic points occupied political program, this shows that the "representative" the meaning of government has changed, "the main purpose of the election but is provided to allow people to shape the legislative lobbying on behalf of". The legal political contributions is a kind of "quasi bribery", the 2010 Supreme Court ruling in January, company to party campaign donations without limit amount. A huge campaign donations protected by the First Amendment rights, a political lobbying the backing of the big company to money, all kinds of loopholes in the law to make the power of big business. Not restricted by the constitution as lawmakers and policymakers, business partners, lobby has become "the third congress", there is a need to amend the Constitution? Even the amendment also don't need to. 　　

Three is the "voter apathy". Zhao Xinshu in "the election dilemma: critical elected system and constitutional reform" (Sichuan people's publishing house, 2003 Edition) said, USA election "equality", there is ambiguity in legal texts and implementation. "Everyone has the right to vote" under the principle of "equality of all tickets must ensure that the force", "everyone has the right to be elected" under the principle of "equal opportunity to ensure that everyone was elected". The former, the latter almost dream. Classical centralization of frenzy by the public, reverse centralization of the political apathy by people. The USA 1/2 to 2/3 qualified citizens do not vote. These people are lower people, and let the Republicans are more representative is easy to control the voters. 　　

Four is the "political morality lost". Today's USA politicians have no "the whole world as one community" political ideal, since the management of state is managing a big company, commercial culture is bound to replace the public ethics. 　　

Five is the elite of the people don't make no exception. No hereditary aristocracy America since 70's of the twentieth Century second Gilded Age began, the gap between rich and poor is increasing rapidly, the revival of old Communist elite. USA conservative elitism than classical elitism, also do not trust the civilians, but the loss of the ancient Greek noble sense of social responsibility and political morality. For example, the two Bush government changed conscription for volunteer system, so in order to survive the poor to defend, defend the rich USA soldier. 　　

Reverse centralization in the George W. Bush era was very obvious: signed a bill passed by Congress when George W. Bush began to add their own is also a sign that a legal authority ("the president declared that" is a source of. The history USA President more than once the Congress in the face of the facts, or avoid congressional oversight, such as armed conflict, Spain's new territorial merge American etc.. In 1907 President Theodore I who signed with Japan, to circumvent the constitution the Senate debate, the president called "a gentleman's agreement". In nineteenth Century 80 time second half period Grover, the president of Cleveland to use its veto over a hundred times, only an overridden by congress. More and more of the President issued executive orders, with the Congress legal standard little difference.) Without the permission of the court, the government can monitor the citizen's telephone and network communication, to "material witness" nominal indefinite detention of citizens not to prosecute, torture and abuse detainees. In the international arena as the only superpower, in defiance of international law, do as one pleases. These are not said has nothing to do with the American constitution, constitutionalism itself defects. 　　

These seem to indicate that, from democracy under the rule of law to the centralization regime (classical or reverse), only one step away. The constitution of Weimar very perfect, but did not prevent the rise of the Nazis; France after the 1848 revolution the first implementation in the world of universal suffrage and perfect democratic constitution, not only failed to prevent tyranny, has contributed to the second reich. 　　

Heard Li Gan's speech, always think, America constitutional problems, Chinese constitution is a lot of problems, even if the law authorities not not from or defy, but what you. "How to do" has become a big problem. An article "remember not long ago had seen as a method of India" (Chen Guangxing, "reading" 2010 twelfth), find the inspiration, copy a few:

In Asia, but for the other third regions of the world, both the knowledge structure of mainstream is long to "as the method to blame", or the history of the world. In Europe and America as the center outward rotation force, China Ye Hao, India worth, is a "super / catch" (overtaking) basic posture, learning and things (including its values), academic thought, knowledge production and is positioned to the main part of national modernization in engineering. Trap hidden will not be held "knowledge mode / drive", whether it is confusing the normative goal and objective historical explanation, can at least begin to ask the question, down more than a century, modern engineering is the original of these so-called developing countries into what looks like democracy or? Or, in scientific, stirring after learning, practice what's new? In other words, Is it right? Stopped to exchange some "super / catch" experience, between the outside Europe area, to look in the mirror, the path from the past to now looks to see? Explain, in place, to continue to go on, and then found the "super / catch" knowledge route has come to an end, it is time to adjust the direction of the. 　　

If knowledge is not intended to pick out, in order to knowledge (the first preset capital truth beyond the historical existence, used to cover the entire world), but to in the range of world history, from the multi perspective of historical experience, problems and the situation of different interpretations all over the face, in the cross reference, comparison, slowly distill knowledge proposition, have meaning of world history can be said that, all the current theoretical proposition has claimed universalism in nature, are not mature. In the European and American experience as reference system, can fully explain the Europe and the United States itself is good, where to explain the historical status in other areas; conversely, for outside Europe and the US interpretation must be based on its own historical development experience, track, can not simply, wrong to measure, with European and American experience. Its. I think this was invited to civilian research famous visiting (Subaltern Studies) Dipeishen historian Chakrabarty (Dipesh Chakrabarty) called "the European place" (provincializing Europe) of the scheme, or 2010 July had just died, male three professor was put forward "to China method, where in the world for the purpose of" Ideological and spiritual. 　　

If history of Europe and the United States is a reference to the possibility, especially its development experience and developing regional gap is bigger, so need to be re adjusted in the process of knowledge transformation -- India feminist theorists te Jia Sville Niranijan visiting (Tejaswini Niranjana) area -- is to strategy proposed in outside Europe to carry out "alternative frame of reference" (alternative frame of reference), also is the original in Europe and America for reference, multiple expansion in Asia, between internal, third world for mutual reference, through the transfer of reference point to their own history, development environment more close to the explanation from differences in the. The premise here thought of the plan is: behind closed doors, with nativism closing the quintessence of Chinese culture, not being able to see clearly have been involved in modern self, only indulging in the splendor of the past to make myself feel good; open the door, only to Europe and the United States as the reference, the catch up has failure, you must in the national internal Nativism (nativism) and the European Centre of cosmopolitanism (cosmopolitanism) both, seek new reference system. 　　

Read this passage, guess again America constitution, constitutional government really has a universal significance. 　　

No way to say a, not to criticize American constitution and constitutionalism, I do not have that ability. Just hope Li Qianxiong said on a kind of opinion American constitution, constitutional government, also said why not say the other side views and their own consent. The Cultural Revolution rebels had raised a "skeptical" banner, I think this discussion still should be so.

A USA "constitution" study and discussion

                                  Zhai edge

America constitution is drafted in 1787, USA Philadelphia meeting "Federal Constitution", is undoubtedly a great epoch-making significance of literature. We pay close attention to this constitution, reflects the people in promoting China democratization process's impatience and anxiety. 　　

Recently, in a Xuan held "birth America constitution and our reflection" reading forum, Mr. Li Qian made a wonderful speech, everyone benefited, but the time is urgent, not a full discussion and exchange, a lot of people feel good, and there was Mr. Yu Deheng's "talk about America constitution". 　　

This paper thinks that Mr. Li Qian reply, Yu Wen Tong themselves not what substantive disagreements and differences, developed in America constitution after nearly 200 years, the main criticism of the constitution is not the law limiting rights and prevent the alienation of power to reverse, the guard is not enough or that prevention it is not in place. All amendments are actually for prevention is not in place of the loopholes and play a patch. This is more than many scholars said that the constitution is one of the critical effect. 　　

Mr. Li Qian said, speaking in a Xuan theme, the focus is not on American Constitution itself, the key point is introduced, and the principle of wisdom courage making process and the delegates expressed in the process of formulation. In particular they took the power as an evil monster may at any time, must rack sth. to guard against this thinking. The thinking on our nation's lack of it is too important. He specifically mentioned in his speech on October in the early years of the Cultural Revolution Red that a decision, although is a very naive, ridiculous and even a little ridiculous decision, but that we used to power itself had thought. Of course, in the process of the republic constitution will not have raised so childish and ridiculous opinions, but it should be some mature opinions or suggestions. He did not know whether a person put forward the problem of right restriction. If someone had put forward the power restricting thought how then, if no one mentioned, it is more worthy of our consideration. 　　

Mr. Li Qian said, some scholars Yu Wen mentioned on America constitution criticism or criticism, this criticism is justified. The problem is known, the Constitution itself is different for different interests game and compromise, at the time no one thought it was be the pink of perfection, let alone in the two hundred years later. The delegates he respected is the Convention, not a utopia color, no utopian thinking this point. Engels said the utopian socialism is one of the three sources of the Marx doctrine, that Marx have changed socialism from dream to science. Now it seems dream or fantasy, starting from the ideal and not from reality, the ideal is often only into bloody. The most typical is the Khmer rouge. 　　

Mr. Li Qian said, more than 200 years, in the process of implementation of specific America constitution, despite the various constraints of power, but power itself is make every attempt to get rid of the constraints, this is the power of instinct, various examples like Yu Wen listed to prove. But before the overthrow of the Constitution did not disclose this to get rid of, can only be hidden, with great care. The progress of society and development of science and technology will make the boycott and expose the power of self expansion means and measures emerge as the times require, Wikileaks is an example, which shows the people of even the limited power, the alert not to relax. 　　

Learning to Europe and the United States and the real success of the country is very limited, in Li Qian's view, probably the reasons not successful is that people have never really want to have is constitutional, cheat, in opposition to democracy, came to power after the dictatorial. Can the three rights separation system in Latin America area many failures, as in these areas can go the other way? It seems it is too early to conclusions. As long as it is democracy, no matter how the form, the total can not leave for the prevention and control of power, the total can not hope to power constraints of their own. 　　

Taiwan and the mainland culture should be said to be very much the same, Taiwan can successfully transition, South Korea is the successful completion of this transformation, is a very wonderful thing, Is it right? Suggests that engage in constitutional democracy does not exist The climate does not suit one. problem? Of course, they still have a long way to go, but the overall trend will only forward not toward after. 　　

The authoritarian system can not be the ages to come, no matter how someone shouted "no" are of no use. When the last possible re constitution, modeled to what is not important, important is the legislative thinking power must be highly vigilant, must be multi power constraints can always. Li Qian said his keynote speech, the purpose is to promote awareness of the constraints on the power, and the restriction of consciousness is its own power consciousness based. At the same time, also want to stick to the bottom line of the propaganda in the premise of the spirit of compromise. 　　

Well versed in the operation of legal our autumn beautiful lady said in reply basic standpoints Yu Wen, she on the "Declaration of independence" USA always admire. Qiu Li wrote, each read "we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", they could not help the tears. She has always believed that, in the America had enacted a resist autocracy to realize constitutional checks and balances of power, "Declaration of independence" in the "all men are created equal" thought, although did not contain the Indians and slaves in the constitution of the final set, but USA established Thanksgiving to the Indians "Thanksgiving" the ultimate liberation, the South slave, finally gives the equal rights for blacks and other ethnic American in USA. 　　

Qiu Li said, in fact America constitution formulated in "all men are created equal" is not America national thought, equality, only for the European immigrants. Although as early as 1791, approved an amendment to the constitution, the guarantee of individual rights, freedom of speech, freedom of religion freedom of assembly in the constitution, but the real establishment of national equality, after nearly three hundred years of unremitting struggle, the final realization of the nature of square appearance and inner unity. But our country most incomplete is faith, loyalty and national heart, whether you're passionate shout out many beautiful slogans, in her eyes, many members of the human soul is cold-blooded, good appearance hidden is a cold heart. She felt China difficult to learn USA, at least not possible. 　　

   Qiu Li said, American three power division, although such as Yu Wen said, development to today, has in fact a certain degree of a American parties alternate in power centralized system, the president is not ultra vires, can be effectively curbed, and the USA today, have been from the early call for equality in today's everywhere from their own interests to his country selection and relationship, therefore other economic plunder and aggression towards at the naked, not to say, three power division and balance development to today also has many drawbacks. Even so, American separation of the three powers is still an important blueprint of capitalist country. 　　

   Qiu Li pointed out that, today we read America constitution, but in any case, there is a world of difference Chinese about democracy, and American soil, especially in the aspect of freedom of thought and expression, this is not a problem of the party. Learning USA constitution, do not say anything else, learn its essence, especially take the matter seriously will protect freedom of speech and freedom of religious belief in the constitution of the category, it is not an easy thing. If a country is to protect freedom of speech freedom of thought on the constitution important position, so that every citizen can be the constitution as the "amulet" by faith, can not guilty, then, we are not far from the democratic. 　　

Some friends in the circulation of Yu Wen, are enthusiastic reply. As Mr Du Lianghuai in the forum at the same time, also is not without regret that he at the meeting speak impromptu, only for the landlord to America Wangjiang constitution to scold Marx refuted, considering that, without involving more smoothly. Yu Chuancong replied that American constitution, is the essence of the war between the victors internal, different interest groups sharing agreement, or "legal" principle. Not to mention what "universal value" or social justice and equality, unless you are sure that the Indians, all black and color and women are not "people"-- but then, modified meaning "universal" completely disappeared. The limitations of the legislation and no analysis, critical to promote the universality of deception, lies in this. 　　

　　

   Not that Mr. Ande, for Li Qian's lectures, very supportive of the starting point more than the idea, but Li Qian diligently, rigorous learning spirit and attitude, indeed, "constitutional democracy" as a former concept people pursuit and longing, but to American various with the bad performance on behalf of "democratic constitutionalism" countries, people have to doubt the so-called "democracy", whether it is suitable for Chinese, if be the pink of perfection, really need to make a question mark. By the enlightenment he sent his cat in Li Jiang's article: "Africa there is a famous story, an African said, when the western colonists came to Africa, land in our hands," the Bible "in their hands. One hundred years later we found, "the Bible" in our hands, the land in their hands." "The Western colonial history can be divided into two periods, the first period is from 1492 Kolumb American occupation land as the beginning, until the end of World War II, the second period from the end of World War II to the present. The first time they output is the "Bible" and God, the back is the inexhaustible treasure, second times their output is a universal value, the back is the wealth, conquest and occupation." He felt that this conclusion is very profound and incisive. 　　

   Li Jiang agreed with Yu Wen mentioned America political works like "big company". He points out, the "big company" has been operating well, like corporate culture and corporate profits double harvest, America is "universal value" flag fluttering in the wind, can do for control of the world and Gunfire licks the heavens. 　　

   Li Jiang agreed to Yu Wen said, the special historical background American constitutionalism is not capable of replication. Eighteenth Century is the bourgeois revolution be raging like a storm of the times, the bourgeois was not at that time the ruling class, but the exploited and oppressed class, then they are revolutionary, the rebels. Before the break the feudal system in the human revolution, many bourgeoisie thinkers put forward the systematic ideas, such as Rock's "individual rights" and Montesquieu's "separation of the three powers" balance is America constitutional thought resources. Li Jiang thought these bourgeois political theory is the need to One divides into two. "Natural rights", "all men are created equal" these views in the bourgeois revolution, is to get rid of the shackles of feudal system, denied the privileges of the nobility, is a revolutionary slogan. However, the exploitation of human rights are so sacred? The billionaire family and laid-off workers families may be equal? Individualism, liberalism in the history has played a positive role, but the individual and society separate from the point it is illogical. For those of us after the socialist revolution generation, discuss about the social issue, leaving Marx's class analysis point of view, should be thought on the back. 　　

In addition, Mr Li Jiang argued that "skeptical" this view is of positive significance in academic research, but it is not advisable in political activities, otherwise it is not practical. 　　

    Mr. Guo Xiaohua saw the Yu Wen, and read Yi Zhongtian "a constitution and a country on the Internet". He thought of America history is nothing but a little fur from textbook to understand, but in its ideological tendency, said very much in favor of Yu Wen's point of view, or is the question of the America constitutional universal values. America constitution reflected the spirit of the glorious, is great for Americans, the world may not be universal. He further pointed out that, for the elite culture, advanced western science and technology, the present especially need to study, but not without criticism, not as the only proper course to take the copy, can not be completely denied their own history and culture as well as the cost of. Chinese and Western are two completely different social system, has a different development path and the history of precipitation in the social, ethnic, ideological, cultural, artistic, values in many aspects, deny that differences to preach "universal", is very wrong. Many of these years in China by the western people, this is a normal phenomenon in the western economic, ideological, cultural communication to bring, but need to cause vigilance is some of the intellectual elite, they preached the Western values, uncritical will put its "universal" coat prostrate oneself in worship. They like the missionary to China people preaching to the choir, the Enlightenment of "universal values", in an attempt to reform Chinese and Chinese. These people are generally divided into two categories: one is by the western ideology penetration in the bone marrow, consciously take the West as an example of the more extreme or even to the Western proud, ashamed to Chinese people. Another kind is to promote universal value hidden agenda behind. No matter what kind of people, it can be concluded that they are not genuinely and sincerely for the largest number of classes China arrogance, endorsement. They hold high the banner of universal values, never mind the real benefit the masses. 　　

The master said, "learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous." Mr. Li Qian apparently with a good head, pushing our learning, thinking and discussion. Progress in learning, insight in thinking, benefit in the discussion. Who can say, "doubts analysed" is not an elegant thing?