A doctor of law

  

The name of doctor of law

 

   For traditional education system and School of law, different, each college degree name is different, in general there is:

Chinese name	English name	Abbreviation	The educational system in general
Doctor of law	Doctor of Laws	LL.D.	The names of departments directly for degree name college.
Doctor of Philosophy in law	Doctor of Philosophy in Law	Ph.D.	The doctor of philosophy is named research doctorate under the traditional school, more common in the British system, colleges and universities, including Hongkong and the Australian university.
Doctor of letters	Doctor of Letters in Law	D.Litt	The doctor of literature is named research doctorate non science of traditional college.
Doctor of the science of law	Doctor of Judicial Science	S.J.D./J.S.D.	PhD American law school created named, because many local law education have reference American law education, therefore this degree has also been found in Canada, Hongkong, Australia and other places of the university.

 

Doctor of law of the system

   

   General doctor of law study period lasts for at least three years, which shall include the specified course completed a credit, and the doctor qualification examination (Qualifying Examination), students will write a doctoral dissertation and a dissertation, gain approval will be awarded the doctorate of law the school system.

 

   In the admission requirements, the institutions shall not a, more common is the applicant must have a master's degree in law or master of law degree graduates.

 

Doctor of law American system

   

   American University (University Department) without a law degree, in order to avoid the students knowledge is too narrow to become law maker, USA law school does not require students to have a bachelor's degree in law. Business school, law school, medical school, Career Academy is different from all, regardless of whether or not a purely practical knowledge of science, College of liberal arts departments.

 

   Juris Doctor (J.D.) is the first degree America system in legal education, set up the goal is to provide academic and occupation training for aspiring people engaging in legal work. J.D. completion time is usually three years (part time usually takes four years), the applicant must have a bachelor degree, but applicants for a bachelor's degree without law related, read the literature or the BS can apply for J.D. degree courses, generally do not have to write a thesis, completed the credit number can get J.D. degree. In most states American, doctorate in law is a prerequisite for the bar exam, obtained a lawyer's license.

 

   To get the J.D., it may apply for master classes, days to obtain a master of law (LL.M.) degree, then can apply for PhD class, write papers and through interview, made the Juris Doctor (S.J.D.) degree.

 

Derived JD name problemJuris Doctor

   

   Since the first Foundation Degree in legal education America provided by the name "Juris Doctor (J.D.)", and not the doctorate degree but the translate into Chinese but is really"Doctor of law"Mean, as he had trouble in many non English speaking area. But due to multiple languages "doctor of law" in the language of the society is already clear "PhD" legal subject, so many in this place are another name for J.D.. However, in the J.D. name before, there are many areas or schools for clear difference between J.D. and the real doctor of law degree, with the official name degree make rigid translation, such as the S.J.D. as a "doctor of the science of law" (see chart), although the significance on the table the four names for the doctor's degree law, but the rigid translation in many places have been established.

 

   In Chinese, regardless of Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Taiwan, has J.D. and the other a doctorate of law are "Doctor of law"The situation, in order to avoid the confusion, China mainland and Taiwan area are used to find solutions, at present, the official J.D. for Chinese translation"Doctor of law".

 

Juris DoctorDevelopment process

    

   In nineteenth Century, the professional (occupation) PhD in America development. Doctor of Medicine (M.D., Doctor of Medicine) the first in 1807, and doctorate in law later. At that time, the legal system and legal education system USA also in the development and changes in the law, as an occupation status is still not established completely, so the perfect law degrees also took much longer.

 

   In the middle of the nineteenth Century, many people in American committed to improving the quality of legal education. In 1870 to 1895 years as Dean of Harvard Law School's Christopher Columbus Langdell has devoted his entire life to the reform of legal education in American. Historian Robert Stevens wrote: "the goal of Langdell is to bring the legal education to university education -- not in the undergraduate stage, but after three years of undergraduate study." The method of law education initiated by Langdell including case teaching method (learning classical case) and Socrates method (torture students understanding of case based reasoning). Mark USA legal doctoral education is the most significant is the case teaching method and the teaching of Socrates.

 

   A doctor's degree in law (Juris Doctor) first appeared in the Law School of Harvard University, followed quickly by America a batch of best law school adopted, such as Standford, Berkeley, Penn. University of Chicago School of law is the first fully recognized and awarded a doctorate in law school.

 

   Because of the restriction of traditional power, some law schools in doctorate granting legal slightly hesitate. Yale Law School has not the law as the only degree awarded the dr.. To the one nine six zero's, in addition to Yale Law School, each will be a doctor of law as the only professional law degree. Finally in 1971, Yale and conformed to the historical trend.

 

    In America, doctor of law is often identified as the professional doctorate. Chinese "doctor" can doctor of philosophy degree system corresponding to the American narrow "" (Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.), can also correspond to the generalized academic and professional doctorate, including Ph.D., M.D., J.D. etc.. In USA, Ph.D. generalized require applicants to have bachelor's degree diploma, but does not require applicants to have a master's degree (this is a significant difference with the China degree system). Doctor of philosophy are widely applied to various subject not only philosophy, it is the ultimate in academic field, in the form of doctoral dissertation of a field of knowledge make original contributions. Doctor of medicine andLawDr.Is a professional doctorate, the conditions necessary for original contribution to the knowledge of not getting a degree. Due to the uniqueness USA professional education, there is also dispute regarding the nature of medicine by dr..

 

   A law degree in common law countries is not fully interworking. In USA, has USA law school J.D. degree can participate in the examination for the qualification as a lawyer, but a law degree in other common law countries and regions, it is required to satisfy additional conditions can test.

 

   A small amount of a PhD in law of Americans will choose further study of master of law (Master of Laws, LL.M., but LL.M students who are already in the America outside the countries and regions obtain legal degree, even has access to other national lawyer's license people) and doctoral degree (the name of each school degree different, Doctor of Philosophy in Law, or Doctor of Judicial Science, S.J.D./J.S.D.). LL.M. and S.J.D. are the academic degree. Notably, most professors American law school only has degree of J.D.. In the law outside of academia, holds an Ph.D. degree is required to become Professor; in law school with an J.D. degree, can become a professor.

 

   Since 1997, in American outside the law school also began to English name for professional degree Juris Doctor. Because of the particularity USA legal education, as well as in the America outside of the countries and regions, PhD does not exist "academic" and "professional", there is a greater dispute on J.D. positioning.

 

   The law in Australia (Juris Doctor), curriculum system is usually three years (full-time). In Australia, the traditional way of qualified practicing lawyers or law is completed Juris Doctor. Since there is no need to take any qualification test, a lawyer's practice of professional training focused on Legal Practice internship period, knowledge of law and law professor Dr. mainly based, curriculum content and teaching professional legal purpose and the British common test (Common Professional Examination / C.P.E.) similar. Due to the Australian legal system and degree system and America different university, so although the name J.D., and American in length, content, methods and ideas of teaching on the J.D. still has a big difference.

 

   In recent years, more and more students choose Chinese doctorate in law. The number of people with other professional (such as biology, chemistry, computer, electronic engineering, economics, sociology, science of Religion) Master's or doctor's degree. The different background people enrolled in law school, the law of learning, practice and all sectors of society, occupation to realize extensive and close ties, conforms to the original intention of setting up USA doctorate in law. In recent years, from Chinese applicants more and more, and the number of American law schools admit students China J.D. has fewer, so the competition is becoming increasingly fierce. On the other hand, apply for Australian University Juris Doctor China students showed a steady growth trend.

 

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