Dugu: "USA constitution" is "noisy" out of the (a)

Politics is a game -- all kinds of interests

(conclusion):

The main content of this paper is Xu Youyu "another kind of a founding father of a country" and "Yi Zhongtian was born USA constitution and our reflection on". The past few days, I wrote a tear, tear and write quickly, repeatedly, finally decided to several major issues in the Convention on the dispute for the preparation, the delegates debated the main opinions, and the voting results show. Thus: (1) with each agenda setting process, can understand my "politics is the various interests of the game", "good politics is all kinds of interests balance" argument (2) can quickly understand the "main content American constitution", deepen their understanding of the "Regulations" USA constitution various understanding (3) from we can realize the defect of our system, as well as people beautiful ideals and aspirations, why would lead to tyranny and make oneself become enslaved the crux of the problem. This article is longer, so I will dispatch.

We both love or hate, had to admit, America was the most powerful country in the world today. USA has the world's most open and tolerant social system, has the strongest currency in the world and the economic system, has the world's most advanced science and technology, with the largest number of the world's top experts thought. Although in the current financial crisis, some people shouted America fading, we China will rise, to replace the USA when leaders of the world economy, but I'm afraid it would not, twenty years to achieve.

Probe into the causes of America strong, first of all thanks to American has a far more perfect in the world constitution. Since the birth of the Constitution200Over the years, the America this emerging countries quickly became the most powerful country in the world.

We may think, so a great "constitution" is certainly some people great, noble, selfless setting out. However, to our surprise is, this is a very selfish, mistrust, calculating, see people for profit, for more than three months time "noisy".

[Background]:1775Years-1781Years, American people against British colonial policy, strive for independence, and the British for6Years of the war of independence. And win, solves the problem of autonomous and independent. But, who rule, how to run the country is facing the problem of independence; at the same time, is still faced with the threat of revolt against the Western Indians and British marine invasion. According to the thirteen states signed the articles of Confederation, temporary composition of the government soft and loose, not enough to solve the problem. So in Hamilton and Madison's initiative, inviting representatives from thirteen states in the1787Years5Month held a constitutional convention in philadelphia.

Conference official representatives shall be74Name, but actually to be representative of only55People. In the55Delegates, there is14People engaged in land speculation,24People engaged in usury activity,11People engaged in the manufacture of commercial and shipbuilding industry;40Man-made debt holders,15The human slave owners. The conference elected Washington as the chairman of the meeting, William Jackson as secretary of the meeting. The whole process of meeting was hotly debated. I'm following a debate topic conference main topics are briefly introduced in the paper:

Assignment problem, a member of parliament seats.

This is the convention the most hotly debated the long-term issues.Because there is a direct relationship between the Congress and the state the number of how many rights, so the state especially between big and small states, on this issue, each other.ByMadison,RandolphThe "Virginia plan" provides that: the legislature to establish a bicameral legislature, and the seats are according to each state property or the number of allocation, this scheme significantly facilitates the citadel. In order to defend the interests of small states,PetersenRepresentative of New Jersey's proposal, advocated the establishment of a unicameral legislature, the states have the same number of deputies in the. Two way.

Small nations suspect Dabang ambition, fear of being Dabang annexed, they said, and now the loss of independence, not as good as the original does not engage in colonial revolution, when King people. While the state is considered, the existing federal system has been unable to cope with the current crisis: the British invasion may at any time from the East, and the Spanish colonists in the southwest border always look at fiercely as a tiger does.WashingtonThe general lack of unified leadership experience in the war of independence, to the States for help are often no echo, soldiers no soldiers, no money, no grain to grain, will diffuse geographical concept deeply grieved, he said "state weak in letters to friends, despised in the outside, it is our situation like, really a disgrace!" Later (June 22nd), from Cone DickShermanThe compromise solution, namely the first hospital (house) according to the number of state representative, second chamber (Senate), not big small states, the election of a representative. At the beginning, we do not accept the plan, two were negative.

Cone Dick represents the third proposed compromise proposal.Al VossSaid, if the power to stand against the state regardless of size, in Senate seats are equal, that we simply dissolve. ButMadisonDon't compromise, he believes that the state does not divide size representation, is not fair.Wilson alsoAsk small state representative, you are afraid of what a state?Al VossFirmly believe that small States anyway, have resisted state power. This annoyedMadisonHe was a freak, turned up the old: you don't forget, you state in time of war is not to own strength, had positive rejected federal cashout request, he also questioned: "in the past two years, Cone Dick to the Treasury to pay a penny? This looks like a government? Like its serious contract?" A falling trend. Facing the big step by step,BedfordTemper, "you take an oath devoutly guaranteed not to bully small states, gentlemen, I just can't believe you!" He also claimed that, if the power to dissolve the Confederacy, forcing nasty small nations will seek to cooperate with foreign alliances. This caused a furore, meeting once again denied the "compromise" proposal. Until7Month16Day (debate for nearly a month), we only received "the great compromise" recommendationsEach state will have two representatives in the Senate and House seats, according to the number of residents, forty thousand residents each have one representative.

The election of two, president.

The conference delegates thought need an administrative officer (president), but full of doubts about the administrative officer, afraid of making a dictatorship of tyrant.FranklinSaid, the first is placed at the helm position would be good (Washington state), the subsequent how God only knows. South Carolina representativePinckneySaid, if the executive turned into "the elected monarch", it is one of the worst of all kings.MasonHe said, in the hope that this country will not see any attempt to restore the monarchy, he said will never agree to abandon all right, hand over to a person as a political officer.

On the administrative officer (president) election issues, there are several options: (1The Federal Parliament (the Senate or house of Representatives)) (the election2The election (;)3) "electoral" election, etc.. Congress first eliminates the federal parliamentary elections. Because of fear of parliamentary elections easily lead to form cliques, engage in malpractices for selfish ends, the president cannot be independent from congress.GerryThe executive said, by the parliamentary elections, will cause the executive members collude with each other, for a supply of sth., work hand in glove with; members promise to vote someone when the executive, administrative officials promised to give them benefits.MauriceAlso believe that, if the parliamentary election administrative officer, he cannot be independent of the legislature, usurpation and tyranny will be launched from Parliament come one after another. He also said, a great goal setting executive is the control of Parliament, to protect the interests of the people is not a big and parliament upstarts consists of infringement.

At the same time, also think that the election is also a problem, the biggest problem is that the number is too large, poor operation. In addition, representatives of the people are familiar with the situation whether the judgment also expressed doubt. Therefore, the delegates"Electoral" election, i.e.Each state elected "election", "election" for the number of states in the Federal Parliament, house and Senate seats and. In order to prevent Officials one another. political transaction, the meeting adoptedRufusAndGerryRecommendations, regulationsFederal lawmakers and officials may not hold elections. At the same time, in order to prevent electoral gang up, excluding capital as a polling place,People in every state election election;In order to prevent voter only Gu this self-interest, required them toTo vote for two people, including at least one person shall come to live in.The election results by the federal Senate speaker when the house and Senate of the plane opened counting. The most votes more than half of the candidate is elected president.If the candidate but half, according to the Senate votes, the most votes5Person to pick a.

But many people worry about the Senate not.PetersenSaid, he would rather not get half the people elected, and never let the Senate when the referee, which will lay the foundation for corrupting and aristocracy.WilsonAlso, legislative, administrative, judicial, three right actually is a melting furnace, are in the hand; if the Senate election of the president, the president will no longer be a man of the people, but the Senate's pet and minion. But let the house also has a problem, because the house majority, and state elections were originally than small Bondo, nominate candidates have taken advantage of, if the house of Representatives voted last ticket, national executive will become state president. The conference adoptedShermanOpinion.When the election candidates not elected president, by the house of Representatives, the Senate vote (that is, each state.).

(to be continued)