Notes.

[1]Charles Beard: "America constitutional economic outlook", translated by He Xiqi, Beijing: the commercial press,1984Years, the18-19Page.

[2]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the137Page.

[3]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook" Chinese edition preface, Chapter3Page.

[4]The contradiction of democracy and private ownership of property and the evolution of the bourgeois democratic ideas be concise and to the point, see King Shao Guang: "alert to democratic modification", Beijing: "reading",2003No.4Period;Anthony·Chester: "democracy", Abraham Sun Rongfei, Duan Baoliang, grace, Changchun: Jilin people's publishing house,2005Years.

[5]A big reason is keen to raise the English Revolution to belittle the French revolutionaries is more respect for private property rights, the English revolution than the French revolution. No more than this argument ignores the facts. After the revolution of England landed aristocracy capitalists will farmers looted, and the French Revolution, since the Jacobin dictatorship to the Napoleon era, the farmer obtained ownership of land and never lose. Property is the property only capitalists, farmer is no?

[6]"American folk belief of modern agree that democracy is almost equal to the free and democratic theorists, to distinguish between the two generally believe that democracy is essential freedom. But fathers think, they are most concerned about freedom by the threat of democracy. In their minds, freedom and democracy, but with property related."Richard Hofstadter: "USA political tradition and its founders", Cui Yonglu, Wang Zhong and translation, Beijing: the commercial press,1995Years, the14Page.

[7]Hofstadter: "America political tradition and its founders", article8Page.

[8]"If the town merchants and a mechanic accidentally launched that killed American Independent War, then the farmers are provided to war in the end of the power, and the outflow of the most blood spilled in this struggle." Beard: "rise of civilization" America first volume, Beijing: the commercial press,1991Years, the139Page.

[9]Hofstadter: "America political tradition and its founders", article9Page.

[10]"1765Years later, 'underclass' existence, or that the mob or' rude people 'existence, has been a fact of life in colonial america." Merrill Jason: "USA revolution and America people", carrying China research American history with Jiangxi America History Research Center: "slavery and freedom: America paradox -- organization American historian speeches (Chairman1961-1990"), Guiyang: Guizhou people's publishing house,1993Years, the199Page.

[11]"The end of the war, not to fight people (and more claim to fight people enjoy political rights), and very difficult. Before independence, the people enjoy political rights between States is very large, but after the war, in which state, seem to have the right opening." John MacLellan: "the history of Western political thought",Translated by Peng Huaidong,Hainan: Hainan University press,2003Years, the420Page.

[12]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the213-214Page.

[13] Louis M. Haq: "American capitalist victory", translated by Chen Shoushi, Shanghai: the commercial press,1946Years, the129Page.

[14]Gordon Wood: "democracy and USA revolution", John Dunn editor: "democratic process", Lin Meng et al, Changchun: Jilin people's publishing house,1999Years, the114Page.

[15]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the212Page.

[16]Philip Foner: "American worker movement history" Volume I, Huang Yushi,Beijing: Sanlian bookstore,1956Years, the69Page.

[17]Philip Foner: "American worker movement history" Volume I, No.69Page.

[18]See Eric Foner: "USA free story", Wang Xiyi, Beijing: the commercial press,2002Years, the46-49Page. Jefferson and Jackson peasant democratic political ideal and similar.

[19]In the18Century, the wage earner or proletariat was also not so as the free market economy in the free workers, they are often referred to as the employer is the "servant". Until1875Years ago, labor relations act of England has been dubbed the "master and servant" in the name of.

[20]Our other scholars said Pennsylvania written constitution also such content, see Yang Shengmao, Lu Jingsheng: "USA history", Beijing: Renmin University of China press,1990Years, the96Page.

[21]Richard·Maurice: "we USA people: People's revolution two Centennial", loadStudy on the history of China USA ed."The challenge of modern historiography:The chairman America Historical Association set (speech1961-1990"), translated by Wang Jianhua, Shanghai: Shanghai people's publishing house,1990Years, the296Page.

[22]Howard Zinn: "American people's history", Xu XianchunShanghai.Shanghai people's publishing house,2000Years, the67Page.

[23]Samuel Elliot Morrison, Henry Steel Comaj, William Edward Roy Xitengbao: "the United States of America growth" America volumes, Nankai University Institute for the history of translationTianjin.Tianjin People's publishing house,1980Years, the272Page.

[24]Philip Foner: "American worker movement history" Volume I, No.79Page.

[25]Morrison: "the United States of America growth" scroller, No.272Page.

[26]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the219Page.

[27]Wood: "democracy and American revolution", "democratic process" load, the114Page.

[28]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the217Page.

[29]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the209Page.

[30]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the217Page.

[31]Trotsky points out, the dual regime coexist and struggle as a prominent feature in revolution, not only began to emerge from the Russian Revolution, the revolution, the French Revolution was so (Trotsky: "the Russian Revolution History" the eleventh chapter "dual power", Wang Fan West, Shanghai: history study,1941Years). The author thinks that American revolution also exists the phenomenon of coexistence of the dual regime.

[32]Morrison: "the United States of America growth" scroller, No.296Page.

[33]Bernard Schwarz: "USA legal history", Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law publishing house, Wang Jun,1997Years, the24Page.

[34]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the218Page.

[35]Hofstadter: "America political tradition and its founders", article16Page.

[36]Elbridge Gerry language,Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the218Page.

[37]Beard: "rise" USA civilization the first volume, the267Page.

[38]Beard: "rise" USA civilization the first volume, the267Page.

[39]SeeM.J.C.Baskerville: "constitutionalism and the separation of powers" chapter sixth, Su Li, Beijing: Sanlian bookstore,1997Years.

[40]Li Jianming in "the significance and impact of American revolution Massachusetts constitutional movement" (Beijing: "historical research",2004The first period) pointed out, the Massachusetts constitutional movement and the federal constitutional movement later, aims to "weaken the influence of the people's government" (145), but at the same time, also known as the former and the latter is significantly different: the latter always consciously from the masses, the former is based on "extensive" and "public participation in diversity" approach. This view stultify oneself surprising: the extensive involvement of the people there, its purpose was is to weaken their future so action possible. In fact more likely explanation is: Although the Massachusetts constitutional movement to oppose the democratic, but after all is occurred in the early stage of the revolution climax -- mass democracy -- stage, therefore, compared with the federal constitutional revolution or the end stage, the more some appearance or character of democracy; democratic tide, for the early days of the revolution however, it is a series of reactionary "superb wrist".

[41]Before from the independent movement to the constituent assembly, the internal conflict in the state, only according to the existing Chinese data, is not the whole process is clear. Probably a radical in the states affected1780In the early 1980s, it has been downhill, conservatives began to recover, but people still have considerable power, it can be in the1785-1786Years started a movement of paper currency. See Haq: "victory America capitalism".

[42]Hamilton said the Rhode Island assembly approach to "behave in a vicious and unrestrained way",AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison, John·Jay: "the Federalist Papers" article7Article,Translated by Cheng FengruBeijing: the Commercial Press,1983Years, the34Page.

[43]This Madison commented, "since the peace, America due to the necessary money trust between people, the necessary trust on public meetings, on people's diligence and moral, as well as to the government of the Republic of the nature and so on", which caused a bad influence. "Federalist Papers" article44Chapter, article229Page.

[44]James Wilson, Jansen: "America revolution and America people", set "slavery and freedom", the222Page.

[45]Steven Buckman: "American constitution for beginners", Chu Xiao wave translationBeijing: Oriental Press,1998Years, the38Page.

[46]"In eighteenth Century eighty time metaphase money movement is to promote conservative economic forces in support of a strong government",Gilbert·C·Fitow, Jim·E·ReesAmerica economic history ":",Situ Chun, Party Bingzhu translation, Shenyang: Liaoning people's publishing house,1981Year edition, No.157Page.

[47]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the127Page.

[48]Eric Foner: "American free story", the52Page.

[49]Henry Knox (later Washington Secretary of Defense) general language, Jansen: "American revolution and American people", set "slavery and freedom", the188Page.

[50]John Acton: "free history", Hu Chuansheng. Nanjing: Yilin press,2001Years, the228Page.

[51]Acton: "freedom" in history238Page.

[52]"As we have seen from the above that, after independence, the period before the promulgation of the constitution, Americans do not bad. In the past many comments Confederation period article always ingeniously with unproven assumptions to participate in the debate, it claims that economic woes to the Confederate government. However, even if the problem is exaggerated, the Confederacy also does not need the scapegoat....... It18Century80In the America economic situation Confederate this form of government is not bad, but it fell victim to the vicious press." Gerald Gunderson: "American economic history", translated by Yang Yuguang, Beijing: the commercial press,1994Years, the148-149Page.

[53]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the124Page.

[54]Huang Shaoxiang: "America early history", Beijing: People's publishing house,1957Years, the307Page.

[55]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article25Page.

[56]At that time, New Hampshire, Connecticut, something similar happened. "American independent war has made them obey the government authorities of the traditional disturbed. Extremists such as Thomas Fern thought, revolted against the British political tyranny is as unalterable principles, Yi day uprising against the creditor economic tyranny is the. If you owe a British businessman debt be exempted by legislation, so why not follow such as law exemption American businessman debt?"Thomas·Day, Harmon·Ziegler: "democracy.", translated by Sun Zhanping, Beijing: world knowledge press,1991Years, the28Page.

[57]Hamilton said the rioters "real intention is to cancel all debts, to abolish the contract and the property of a new distribution -- in short, a full democracy, under this system, virtue, property and social differences will be destroyed". Si Meili: "biography of Hamilton", Beijing: China translation and publishing company,1999Years, the129Page.

[58]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article102Page.

[59]This is president John Truman's comment on the constitution, GeorgeE· Murray: "USA president to use" of history, carrying "slavery and freedom", the115Page.

[60]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the49-50Page.

[61]Hamilton in the "Federalist Papers" expressed by can not solve the debt problems due to the Confederate dissatisfaction: "who can hurt an independent national dignity or reduce the character of things, we have experienced. In ensuring the existence of our political danger and crisis comes, we are not to foreigners and citizens borrowed money? To pay off the debt is still without any proper or satisfactory arrangements." "The Federalist Papers", article71Page.

[62]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the175Page.

[63]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the37Page.

[64]Buckman: "Introduction" American constitution, article36Page.

[65]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the53Page.

[66]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the218Page.

[67]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the104Page.

[68]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the8Page.

[69]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the8Page.

[70]Jeremy Atak, Peter Passel: "the new USA Economic History: from the colonial period to the1940Year book ", translated by Luo Tao, Beijing: China Social Science Press,2000Years, the82Page.

[71]"The middle class democratic thought most likely rooted in the disgruntled class and oppressed and rising. It may be rooted in the original nobility in certain alienated, part was cancelled inheritance hierarchy, but democracy has no attraction for those still in vigorously expand privilege privileged stratum, the Philadelphia conference participants are mostly with a certain position and the children of the rich, only a few people a few exceptions."Hofstadter: "America political tradition and its founders", article8Page.

[72]Martin Bueren America historians call the Philadelphia Convention "drafting a new constitution that is inconsistent with the Continental Congress to give it instructions, this is a heroic action, but it is an illegal action". Professor Burgess said: "if Juliet Caesar or Napoleon to do so, people have called it a coup." Cao Deqian: "America constitution approved during the storm", Beijing: "USA research references",1980No.4Period.

[73]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article203Page.

[74]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the187Page.

[75]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the145Page.

[76]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the136Page.

[77]"The new national laws emphasize the protection of existing property rights, also stressed that obtain property rights. This is done by combining of property and contract law to achieve....... In drafting the Federal Constitution, a really important guarantee and established makers for the protection of individual rights, is a constitutional1Article10Paragraph, namely the contract terms. If so, their provisions, expressed in the language of interest and discussion beyond all expectations fewer words, it is because they almost unanimously think and write need to be restricted to the States to prevent violations of the rights of contract." Schwartz: "American legal history", article26Page.

[78]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the127Page.

[79]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the125Page.

[80]Jansen: "America revolution and USA people", set "slavery and freedom", the222Page.

[81]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the134Page.

[82]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the141Page.

[83]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article19Page.

[84]Atak, Passel: "on the new American economic history", article136Page.

[85]Hayek will then British touted as a Utopia of freedom, and claimed that the thought inheriting Tocqueville's comments, but Hayek and Tocqueville are different: "I do not know the past which has several countries like Britain aristocracy aristocracy that freedom,...... However, it is not difficult to see, the English legislation often for the welfare at the expense of the welfare of the poor, so that the majority of rights for a few people exclusively. The results, Britain today set extremely rich or extremely poor in a body, in stark contrast to the plight of the poor and the power and the glory."AlexisDeTocqueville: "on USA democracy", translated by Dong Guoliang, Beijing: the commercial press,1988Years, the267Page.

[86]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article46-47Page.

[87]Engels: "Dulin theory", "Marx selected works of Engels" contained in third volumes, Beijing: People's publishing house,1995Years, the365Page.

[88]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article266Page.

[89]We have seen above, "democracy" in that the founders' mouth or a bad word, they tend to use the word "Republic", but not "Republic" as harmless -- like now Chinese "constitutional" who "words, but still need to transform. And in their mouth, democracy and Republic are sometimes interchangeable.

[90]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article48Page.

[91]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the137Page.

[92]Vernon Louis Parrington: "American thought history", Chen Yongguo et al, Changchun: Jilin people's publishing house,2002Years, the262Page.

[93]Haq: "victory" USA capitalism, No.146Page.

[94]Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the28Page.

[95]Madison, "America constitutional economic outlook" Chinese edition preface, Chapter3Page.

[96]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article206Page.

[97]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article266Page.

[98]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article51Page.

[99]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article41Page.

[100]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article50Page.

[101]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article51Page.

[102]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article49Page.

[103]Hamilton language,Beard: "USA constitutional economic outlook", the127Page.

[104]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article257Page.

[105]Hamilton by asking others illustrate this thought: "we need to be saved from democracy, but this means what? An elected parliament to an elected Senate constraints, both of which should be constrained by an elected judge." Acton: "freedom" in history238Page.

[106]Acton: "freedom" in history204Page.

[107]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article259Page.

[108]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article265Page.

[109]1913The article17Amendment, senator was replaced by voter direct election.

[110]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article315Page.

[111]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article316Page.

[112]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article321Page.

[113]Zou Gang: "economic development and political development", contained "strategy and management" start publication.

[114]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article320Page.

[115]Acton: "freedom" in history28Page.

[116]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article392Page.

[117]Later, Jefferson seized the power of judicial review of the Supreme Court Act deep dissatisfaction: "I always expect the pendulum in front of the public It is without rhyme or reason. decision can have a proper reason, and announced that is not legal." Buckman: "Introduction" American constitution, article71Page.

[118]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article391-395Page.

[119]"USA nobility is engaged in lawyer occupation and sat on the seat, Tocqueville:" those people "on USA democracy", the309Page.

[120]Hamilton: "the Federalist Papers", article394Page.