China using free speech USA large-scale penetration of USA, but strictly limited America reporters into Chinese

According to the State Council American provide data, Chinese reporters into America number, from 1997 to 2010 of 14 years, a total of 7872 people, among them, the least was in 1997, 234 people. Most of the year is 2008, 848 people.

 

Even in the 911 events occurred in 2001, American in order to prevent terrorists and strict examination and approval for entry USA, China also have 400 reporters to obtain a visa to enter the American. From 1998 to 2005, Chinese sent to American reporter between 400 to 500 people, from 2005 to 2010 these 5 years, the number of China reporters into America between 600 to 850.

 

In fiscal 2010, about 650 Chinese citizens hold I visa (that is, international journalist visa) into the USA work, and USA has only 2 America VOA news reporters were allowed China mainland resident. There is a wide gap between is not only the quantity, in USA government China media into the USA market given the green light at the same time, America International Broadcasting Bureau under the American voice only 2 children who are being allowed to reporters in Beijing, but from time to time by the China police harassment, and strictly limit the scope of the interview.

 

Xinhua Washington bureau chief Ge Xiangwen said, the next three years, the Xinhua News Agency reporter Station total overseas from the 102 jumped to more than 120, the future of overseas reporter station will reach 200. In order to more infiltration of western, in 2011 May, Xinhua North American general branch office moved to New York 1540 Broadway, Manhattan Times Square, a 44 storey tower top, a term of 20 years, said the rent is very expensive. At the same time, a LED billboard in Times Square location the most prominent of the Xinhua news agency, long-term hold, 6 annual rent of up to 200000000 yuan.

 

American: the establishment of the media power on the country

USA media has become the main force of America public life. As the world's first media giants, journalism has play a decisive role in USA status. Then, the news industry is how to dispose of the giant American?

 

Why pay attention to "the Americans and their news"? 　　

 

In the most general sense, to understand the American such countries, news media is of course an indispensable channel. But to truly understand America how it worked, as a tenacious vitality of organism is how to live, it is how we see ourselves and the world, of course, must understand and carefully study the news industry. How to study how to run, change, facing many events and crisis response, you can feel the American how to think, how to make choices and decisions, how to implement and maintain its decision. So, a lot of changes on international diplomacy arena, possibly through such research and clear, even so people can predict the change in behind today's hard line stance might happen tomorrow. 　　

 

30 years ago, some of the young intellectuals read a Americans about the "who's in control USA" book, also some confusion, news giants dominate in how American. Looking back today, and read many action on every new president when he reported, will understand, American is not only the "country on wheels", but also "media power on the country", it constantly under the influence of world to use media power, and its own and profoundly by the media power influence. Media power thinking and judgment of the public's influence can not be ignored, even some people in opposition to a media an opinion and judgment, but also to be the media led into a topic ring, this is tantamount to being controlled. Of course, people can see, trying to influence America people are focus on the effect of American media, through the media to transfer their advantage of sound. 　　

 

The America called "media power on the country" is of course because of the news industry is highly developed, but also because of the consideration, domestic and world affairs are put to use, control of media power as an important task and aim. Nearly 100 years ago, a witness in the British Parliament, the first victims of war comes the truth. Then, the decision maker's way of thinking is often reduced to news and news, to let people know less as far as possible. Later, people found that, in twentieth Century the last ten years America war is often performed in a television camera,Such as the Gulf War in 1991. Some people even asserted that the war in Iraq in twenty-first Century, is America deliberately call a war all the world to see. Because the military mobilization, America news release, is to want to publicize its military strength, but also to achieve the highest strategic objective: no war and enemy soldiers. America invited "embedded interview" more than 500 foreign journalists in the America forces, in a sense, is to let people see American trying to use the war to test the new military strategy at the same time, also in the "new media strategy", is more efficient use of public opinion, influence. In fact, the design and implementation of strategies must be both, who is more successful, but to see who is more precise. Understanding of the competitive situation and media strategy. 　　

 

Effects of TV debate on American presidential campaign, it has been verified in the 60's of the twentieth Century. But this time the crisis in Iraq, some people suggested that Iraq's president and President George W. Bush to a TV debate, and even fight. Such a proposal seems almost laughed, but also from the side shows USA media power. The 1991 Gulf War, Iraq to allow CNN (CNN) in Baghdad broadcast a war, the achievements of CNN fame. The purpose of doing so, have to let the Americans saw the war caused many injuries to civilians caused the intention of anti war tide. But the first Gulf War as the main means to attack the war so as to change the war in Iraq, the change of the media strategy has not kept pace with the America military strategy. So, this time America "new media strategy" whether we will be able to realize their goal, this is the next day people want to observe and study. 　　

 

Engaged in the media or the hope that people in the media, can be observed through the America news industry development and change, to explore how the media industry with the development of modern science and technology, how to adapt to the social psychology and information consumption patterns and evolution, in order to find the useful things. "Americans and their news" in the book the author asserts: "news is entertainment". This change is mainly from the development in paper media to electronic media. But this change has great effect on the media operation and media people thinking. In the book, American three television network broadcast its first host memory for the work of the news section rather means. Day in and day out in the broadcast, processing way of news value and news are in change. Such changes in told the media practitioners should adjust coping style. In fact, not news practitioners also need to pay attention to the development of the media industry and change. Because of the media industry, focus on the development and changes, is of concern in influences our thinking and action of the environment. 　　

 

Why pay attention to "the Americans and their news"? Such problems can be a different answer. But anyway, change is the common wealth, is true of every industry.

 

Analysis of interaction between media and political American

 

A huge role in promoting USA mass media for social progress

Abstract: USA mass media has a strong political function, it can provide and transfer information, construct foreign environment, to convey their diplomatic position, reflecting its value and position, and guide the domestic and international public opinion, the formation and implementation of accelerate or hinder foreign policy. In different stages of foreign policy, the influence of mass media and applied is different. The government is in the national interest of media reports influence. USA of mass media in the war on terror, reports, position and view, to explain the government's advocacy of belief, rally the people, explain the legitimacy of the war. For a variety of limits of national security interests and feelings of patriotism and media coverage of foreign policy by mass media, always stand on the side of the government, and on the social goal of propaganda, trying to use the powerful discourse power, won the support and the collapse of rival.

Keywords: the war on terror American mass media America foreign policy

 

In September 11, 2001, USA towers, The Pentagon has been terrorist attacks. Great changes have taken place in America foreign policy, will counter put on the important schedule, and to send troops to attack Afghanistan, looking for a global terrorist leader Ben Laden, the fight against global terrorism in front, for global cooperation against terrorism. Each big media American gave attention and reported fully on after 9 · 11 American counterterrorism operations.

 

Whether the media in the war on terror played a role in what? The interactive relationship between the media and how the foreign policy of the government? This interaction confirms what diplomacy and communication theory? This paper attempts to answer these questions.

 

A, research methods and argument structure

 

The content and effect analysis in this paper adopted the research methods of. Content analysis is mainly described and summarized the content of the report, and analyze the relationship between the media and the foreign policy; effect analysis is based on the content analysis, in this paper is more embodied in the theory level, rather than empirical effect. In the analysis, because of the limit of technology and the quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of the doubt, mainly adopt qualitative analysis.

 

The analysis object is used in this paper American "time" magazine's Asian edition. Select the "age of reason", in addition to the data is easy to obtain, mainly because the authority of the magazine and realistic status, reported and is convenient for analysis and macroscopic system. Television provides instant, vivid and infectious report, but the text media can provide more detailed, system for event causation, process report and has a certain depth. At the same time as the event duration is relatively long, so choose instead to hold weekly newspaper news, in order to seek a balance between continuity and feasibility. The Asian version also aims to better reflect the America media to convey their diplomatic position, seek international recognition and support role.

 

At the same time, also need to note two points. First, this paper is relatively narrow definition of the war on terror, refers to this America during the war and the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, against Al Qaeda, look for the main terrorist in economic, diplomatic, intelligence field struggle, so the time period selected for the September 24, 2001 -- December 31, 2001. Second, this paper analyzes the relationship between the media and the basis of foreign policy is USA, interaction between these two are common, but important to America as reference, the author also accidentally pushed it into the general applicability of the height.

 

This paper first makes a theoretical discussion, analysis of the relationship between the media and the foreign policy, the different role of the media in different stages of decision-making and its limitations, then combining case specific explanation, finally draws the related conclusion. This paper tries to analysis from the dual perspective of diplomacy and communication, hope to provide some beneficial enlightenment to Chinese public diplomacy and propaganda strategy and relevant research.

 

Two, America mass media in foreign policy role

 

With the development of information technology, the mass media dissemination activities to popularize and penetrated into all aspects of human activity, influence cognition and behavior of people on the outside, but also have a great impact on the political, economic, cultural and other aspects. At the same time, the mass media is more and more widely and deeply involved in the country's foreign policy, diplomatic and media itself acts more complicated, showing new features.

 

The mass media is mainly refers to newspapers, magazines, radio, television, Internet and other media, they are both tools and technology level, but also a social organization, the "professional media organizations, the use of advanced communication technologies and industrialization means to society, a crowd as the object of a large-scale information the production and dissemination activities" is , mass communication. Mass media performs very important social function, the famous scholar Schram was summarized from three aspects of political function, economic function and social function. According to behaviorism viewpoints, the political function of mass media are monitoring, coordination and socialization: the modern society is very complex, human cognitive ability is limited, need the media surveillance environment, collect, summarize and report information, serve as an early warning system to alert the society in crisis; but the surveillance function also has negative effects, simply providing over reliance on information will cause the mass, critical disability evaluation information, so the media through the coordination of the review and interpretation to clarify, interpretive information, formulate, dissemination and implementation of policy; media can convey social values and cultural heritage, so that the people as a whole political system words and actions, to ensure the effective operation of the political system, social function, this is a media. Specifically, the mass media supervision of the current "may have a positive or negative impact on the public events; confirm the major political and social issues, including the question of origin and possible solutions; provide the interest and a cause for platform; convey different point of view, two-way communication to the public and policy makers; supervision authority and government officials, to make them responsible for their policies and actions".

 

Diplomatic and political function of mass media can also be used in a country, because foreign itself is the extension of domestic politics. Foreign policy is refers to "the foreign entity is sovereign countries to implement their own in a certain historical period of the diplomatic strategy and detailed guidelines for action". A country in the face of major events, usually starting from the point of the interests of the state, analysis of events to bring what kind of threat or opportunity for the country and the people, what kind of impact will be on the country's international status, so as to formulate according to the framework of foreign policy, and then according to the analysis of the situation, eventually determine the diplomatic policy from national interests, goals and strategies. There are many and the factors restricting the foreign policy decisions, such as decision makers, the international situation, public opinion, and in information intensive today, mass media affect the foreign policy is important one annulus, as follows:

 

First, providing and transmitting information, building is conducive to the diplomatic environment. Both for the decision makers and the general public, in a complex political environment, have not enough time and energy to systematically understand the immediate and complete external circumstances. Therefore, professional, authoritative specializing in information production, reproduction and dissemination of the mass media to convey information prompt changes in the external environment. However, the media reports, according to the so-called "news value", the information is "gatekeeper", choose processing in the specific political and cultural background, value systems, manufacturing which is different from the environment of the information environment. In foreign policy, we should fully understand the whole situation, relying on the special intelligence is not enough, large and authoritative media rely on news sensitivity and advanced communication technologies for the report, provides a lot of valuable material for the diplomatic decision-making, decision makers by analyzing the reality of the situation, make the best choice. Information is the foundation of decision, the mass media is to supply information.
　　

According to the "agenda setting" theory, mass media set schedule to the public, were given different events in different degree through the reports, to influence people to judge what is a major event, in the international coverage on the issue, a very famous assertion is "in many instances, newspapers should 'think'. Not telling people, but to tell people that 'what', but amazing success." hand, mass media through selection, manufacturing events from different is an important component of the "Pseudo Environment", the decision makers and the public mind creates the world diplomatic environment, affect people on the world situation and in some degree of cognitive, thus became a diplomatic agenda setting. "Typically, TV decided what crisis. Television that former Yugoslavia's disintegration and the Balkan conflict is all the crisis, and then they don't stop reporting, so the Clinton administration must find a way to do what." this emphasizes the media created pseudo foreign environment, set up a variety of behavioral activity stage, but on the other hand, the agenda setting of media functions, used especially in foreign policy has been controversial, largely because the media only, interpretation and dissemination of government diplomacy, with which not ahead the government action, whether the government to take action, but also excited media attention. Government's foreign policy is more for the national interest, the cost -- benefit analysis, although it is inevitable but both the media and the public opinion reaction, but the final decision factors is in the national interest. "The media is too fickle as it is difficult to have an impact, so the media give a crisis attention will be the decision maker beat." at the same time, there is a key issue, namely who sets the agenda, which relates to a simple little foreign attention outside of the problem, this paper will give back in.

 

Second, to convey their diplomatic position, reflecting its value and position, as a political voice. The mass media and politicians to work together to create a separate reality, which is based on strategic communications, control and destroy opponents image basis, in many aspects, especially in foreign policy, news media is part of a government operation inseparable. In order to achieve political goals, with the government needs the media reports, many sources are government officials and the briefing, the reason is that through the media to convey their diplomatic standpoint, to impose hint and influence of his country's efforts to formulate the corresponding measures, "through the media promotion and strengthening policy prospect and the choice of his country". Countries also rely on the media to coordinate major diplomatic action, early on he's reaction and international public opinion.

 

In the reports of national foreign policy, some America reporters often has the cultural bias, the bias is not "my country, right or wrong", but of nationalism and patriotism, firmly believe that the "American will win, she enjoys prestige, prosperity, and to contribute to the progress of the world", "journalists, like other people, when faced with hostile forces, set around the president". USA mass media tend to be more conservative, preached the America values and beliefs, to many diplomatic event to stylized reports without thinking, legitimacy and guide will demonstrate the government's foreign policy of government control, such as the government of the socialist countries, totalitarian undemocratic country, pose a threat to the national resistance the policy on the USA dominance or security, the media is keen to support report. "The international news America adhere to national interest first", "media ignored their questioned the government's role in the international reports, but let those who defend the government and military position of the intellectuals to sing a leading, frequently appear in newspapers and TV chat show."

 

Third, the formation and guide the domestic and international public opinion, affect the legitimacy of certain political events through public opinion, thus affecting the recognition and attitude to the events of the world. Public opinion is the "public concern characters, events, the similar social attitude in his public remarks performance." mass media accelerates the formation and dissemination of public opinion, but also reflects, guiding theory, by selectively highlight or dilute the information, with some advice to position, guide the audience idea establishment and mass media and mainstream the same values, and indirectly control. Implementation of foreign policy are usually devoted to the interests of the state, but also need to consider the range of public opinion and the degree of concentration, because the personal opinion to get the political significance of concentration. If there is no mass media in shaping public opinion, there is no social reform act of Parliament, foreign adventure and great success. The mass media can analysis and explain foreign policy, legal policy, winning public support, which enables decision makers need not worry too much about foreign operations have a negative impact on their domestic dominance, even may accumulate domestic political capital. "Relatively minor decided no major decisions or occasionally, the media don't consider making in the White House, Capitol Hill, The Pentagon, the State Council or the. The policy that way is the first by the media to understand, and accept, finally to America people convey some idea." internationally, the mass media to form and lead to a variety of international public opinion, persuasion statements its foreign policy and legal justice, reduce opposition, win more support, so as to promote the foreign policy and national interests.

 

Sometimes, the mass media in the foreign policy process with independent attitude, which is called media diplomacy. In the media diplomacy, reporter directly involved in the political process, political leaders use the mass media to achieve political goals. Media Diplomacy to promote a diplomatic breakdown diplomatic relations, and will put forward some useful policy suggestions, even in the presence of normal diplomatic relations, the reporter also often become part of the political process, the deployment between government official to avoid the traditional diplomatic. The government more and more dependent on the public USA diplomatic channels to a distant country people's views on the impact of its foreign policy, "it seeks to make his country people create or change their behavior to the views, opinions " held by or affecting the public political and economic system, of its ideology or people's way of life, so as to maintain a good international image in the international society, enhance the self assessment, media diplomacy is not only a new communication channel between a state, is also the country to shape their own image. Because of this, the national media attention by various means, and try to guide the media view of events. At the same time, the reporter is not equal to foreign policy and diplomatic personnel, so the media may be foreign policy introduced unfavorable situations, may also provide a forum for the enemy leader, cause diplomatic passive.

 

Fourth, accelerate or hinder formation and execution of foreign policy. Technological innovation in twentieth Century in the field of communication help people understand and solve the problem of access to knowledge, a variety of media, the traditional national boundaries gradually disappear, the global media shows two trends: "TV beyond newspapers as a news source, the interaction becomes a means to get information.". Instant global media enables decision makers to make the analysis and decision quickly, urge policy makers policy stance, and must quickly be clearly explained, policymakers in real-time mode, thinking and reaction time is compressed, it could lead to mistakes in decision-making and diplomatic failure potential. But at the same time, through the global media instant transfer foreign signals has become common practice, therefore, his government pay close attention to the briefing to find the change of any minor policy. The most representative is the "CNN effect", this also makes the diplomatic characteristics change, i.e. acceleration, immediate diplomatic.

Foreign policy and media related obstacles, according to Steven Livingstone's discussion, hand form emotional power through public opinion mechanism of actual or potential, hindering foreign policy implementation, on the other hand because reveal the reality may threaten some military operations security. CNN reported the U. S. Army soldier was dragged away the picture raises a similar to the Vietnam War concern and fear in Somalia, the Clinton government to withdraw troops from Somalia's decision. Based on this situation, the government has been American become very good at providing information to the media, clear the policy legitimacy and ultimately rely on the media to promote the implementation of the policy. In addition, in conventional warfare or tactical actions, maintain security and secret action is very necessary, reports of mass media on action will intentionally or unintentionally exposed action and lead to unnecessary casualties and even the failure of the mission.

 

Of course, accelerate the spread of or hinder about mass media form in foreign policy and diplomatic goals, is not immutable and frozen, with the characteristics of foreign policy itself and the operation process and different.

 

The influence of mass media on foreign policy and many other aspects, such as the supervision of public opinion, foreign policy and timely evaluation or criticism, urging the government measures to better achieve goals; through continuous reports of related events, will foreign policy in open and transparent public opinion environment, make the country and the people enjoy the right to know, dictatorship prevent decision-making, also promotes the scientific and democratic decision-making. In the analysis process, there is always the interaction between mass media and politicians, people of the three. These three constitute the chain interaction, the media is very powerful, but its role is often overestimated, because any media in the media system and control some, in particular the interests of the state and national cultural background; the government can implement a certain degree of manipulation or control, but it was not possible to force the media the only guide, especially in a democratic country, still need media restraint and balance the government; public than passive recipients of government and mass media simply, it must be admitted that, in the mass media and government strong and full of offensive skills, people are most likely to be affected and misleading.

 

Three, American mass media at different stages of its foreign policy role

 

On the relationship between mass media and foreign policy, mainly is the macro level, but at different stages of foreign policy, the influence of mass media and applied is different. In addition, the mass media play in domestic policy and foreign policy's effect also has the very big difference, not lump together.

On the role of the media in foreign policy formation and implementation, there have been two kinds of arguments. A kind of view that journalists in reporting the news in the active role: on the one hand the journalist as a record of events, as a neutral belt inform the interpretation of foreign policy, on the other hand, the journalist as a foreign policy participants and the public representatives, inquiry and criticism of the government, while the government acknowledged the powerful view her as the political behavior has tremendous impact on the body. Another kind of took the opposite point of view, emphasizing the government diplomatic influence or even control the content of news. The reporter lacking knowledge of international issues, news sources of foreign policy of the single, patriotism, national security concerns, report the traditional stylized make media become the government use the tools, or more precisely, politicians and journalists use each other, promoting mutual cause in the prudent relationship.

 

In fact, these two kinds of views have merit, I tend to combine these two perspectives, namely, should not exaggerate the role of the government or the media, but also very much agree with Nicholas Berry, the interaction relationship between the two in different stages of policy analysis, and to distinguish between domestic policy and foreign policy. According to Berry's view, the relationship between mass media and foreign policy of five variables: information availability, reporter understanding and recognition of the policy consensus, cultural prejudice reporter deadline pressure, or meet the editor asked, sources and protection. These five variables are reported in domestic policy in effect is distinct. For example, information availability, a domestic policy relates to political parties and pressure groups, reporters can directly contact the various political forces, reports can also be included in the views and positions of different actors, reports on what, how reports have great discretion; and in foreign policy decision-making mechanism, contact him our foreign policy is difficult, the report is unilateral and less controversial. In the understanding and recognition of policy, the reporter familiar with the domestic policy process, proposals and the opinions of the public, they understand the regulations and rules of the game, they understand the political actors how to shape public perceptions, therefore also policy effects accurately anticipated; understood and reporter on the international political knowledge, before a diplomatic results they are very difficult to publish, substantial insightful opinions, therefore, to believe that the media is "the fourth power" judgment, to analyze the conditions and situation, this thesis limited applicability. Similarly, interactive media and policy more scientific persuasion in different stages of foreign policy analysis.

 

In theory, the decision-making process consists of six stages, namely the problem formation, agenda setting, policy formation, validity and adaptability of policy, implementation and evaluation of policies. Process in the reality is more complex, various stages overlap each other, may not be suitable for every policy, but it provides help into media effects of the policy process. Problem formulation is more objective factors outside, is also the foreign policy of the prototype object. Set the stage on the agenda, the mass media will play its agenda setting function, but in many cases, politicians and the press, is produced by the interaction of the agenda. But the reason and effect of agenda setting is very difficult to distinguish, it described above has been. At the same time, the official policy agenda is usually to be government officials deemed worthy of attention and should take active action problem, usually on the national interests, national foreign strategy and national image has practical or potential impact problem. The media agenda and the official agenda influence each other, but according to the reasons stated above, the media agenda in many cases in the diplomatic field is the embodiment of the official agenda, but do not deny that the media and adjusted the official agenda through too much attention to one of these international events, such as the humanitarian problems reported. In addition to other political actors, hope the foreign policy agenda on some domestic social situation, therefore they seize the opportunity to define their own interests, to mobilize the public, the media and policymakers, such as industry and business people to America free trade zone formed the agenda setting power.

 

Once the agenda setting, policy makers will have to decide what to do. The government determines the external threat or opportunity, and America's role in the world which foreign based framework. The mass media to accept the official definition of the interests of the state, goal setting and strategic choice. In addition, patriotism and cultural prejudice that they make in order to solve the problem of recognition American and foreign policy, like all Americans, they want their country strong, has the good prestige. Therefore, the media formed at this stage of the policy, the main task is to tell readers how foreign institutions America government wants what to do or not do what, the government to achieve the desired results and early action. The government does not need to manipulate the media reports, and foreign policy is basically the same, because the facts and background mostly from the government, so the president and foreign officials to beautify natural policy to win public support, Congress and interest groups. "The reporter only have the time and resources is reported in some areas of such complex policy making process", "thus policymakers have a free choice of many at this stage". The formation of policy proposals in the face of legitimacy challenges. The major policy issues, the media is usually a forum for debate, through the evaluation of policy status or influence to the policy is expected to fate. A foreign policy that public discussion is mainly about the interests of the state and policy objectives within the government, if there is no big differences, any discussion is not the decisive influence, because the general public and the media have lack of insight and vision to the expected foreign policy in the future, their judgment is more emotional and lack of systematic. In the policy implementation stage, the media reported a foreign policy is how to carry out, before the result has not yet appeared, to inform the media more and interpretive function, because it is still in progress, the media is still in wait-and-see, and has not formed a complete system of judgment.

 

But the policy evaluation stage, the mass media's role is very important, forcing the government to take responsibility for his actions, usually reported developments, investigation and study, to convey the evaluation approval or complained or open the government itself. Without doubt, when foreign policy was successful, the mass media will make positive evaluation, do not need any government intervention and control; when the policy was failed, the media will start on the basis of framework and policy questions of policy itself, its starting point is good, because as a member, their criticism is to to prevent the worst foreign policy. The government is trying to manipulate the reaction or to mask the failure or re evaluation, change or repeal the existing policies. But the government's manipulation are very difficult, because the media has mastered the information and analysis framework enough, independent and critical characteristics have the best embodied in this stage. But the need to pay attention to a problem, media content sometimes may be one-sided, biased and inaccurate, misleading policy makers and the general public, when the situation looks encouraging when they reported positive policy results, when the policy is not work that policy failure.

 

Thus, America mass media in foreign policy is hardly a "fourth power", but the reports and what will happen and why does play a very important role; on domestic policy and foreign policy reports, reports and foreign policy in different stages, the role is different.

 

Four, the case analysis: "time" magazine's Asian edition on the war on terrorism reported

 

The above describes the relationship between the mass media and foreign policy, the following will analyze the "time" magazine's Asian Edition (referred to as the "times") to 9? 11 and American war against the Afghan Taliban and Al Qaeda is how to report, in order to prove the above point of view, but also the analysis of the mass media crisis and war coverage in the role, and the government's role in it.

 

"The times" reported on the war on terrorism can be divided into three stages: the first is the 9 reported in domestic and international situation? 11, the American government response and will take measures; followed by the war and the investigation and the pursuit of global terrorists in Afghanistan to launch special is reported in detail based organization of molecules; finally look, evaluation of the results of the future war and the war on terror. It is not difficult to find, the formation, the three stages and the foreign policy implementation and results of the three stage is completely consistent, as can be seen in the mass media, government and the public to play their respective roles.

 

"The times" reported in addition to a stage, but also has the characteristics of concentrated, review and comment. Concentration can be reflected from the coverage and intensity. From September 24, 2001 to December a total of 17 cover 12 per period are associated with counter-terrorism. The content about American, domestic affairs and foreign policy of only about 10%, many other content is about Asia or the news of the world; but 9 since Sept. 11, about USA domestic and international counter-terrorism content increased dramatically, sometimes as much as 70%. Also formed many special report series, continuous period of several continuous reports. Compared with TV or newspaper, "the times" lack of timeliness, but because it is the weekly, can have more time and energy on comprehensive assessment, will spread the news facts are integrated into a complete system, so that people on the event and the policy has a comprehensive understanding and grasp. From the "times" reported on the focus, we can clearly see that the common role of the mass media and government under the "agenda setting". The mass media to space and great efforts to report the war on terror, namely from the media perspective to this event is significant, so that the government cannot ignore and must take prompt and effective measures to protect the people and national security. But American government took diplomatic action on one hand the media agenda of the pressure, but is fundamentally out of USA national interests and strategic security considerations, media factors is part of a foreign policy process, but cannot be considered as the fundamental driving force. Accordingly, in the war on terror, the media and the government work together to promote the realization of the policy target, the following will be phased in to "age" theme of the report, analysis report features and techniques, the sources of the paper demonstrates the relationship between mass media and foreign policy.

 

The first stage. In the 9? After the 11 terrorist attacks, America government in the world through television witnessed the tragic scene, must respond quickly, in order to safeguard national security and its national image. Its foreign policy framework for the assessment of the threat of terrorism to the USA, opportunities and cost USA actively respond to possible, American in the war on terror in the global role and how to maintain and consolidate its counter-terrorism global supremacy. USA that terrorism current phase is America and enemies of all mankind, hostility to terrorism USA led western world, attempts by the name of jihad to defeat the western world, they take extreme and cruel way to kill thousands of America civilians, attacks on government's main body, an enormous threat to the American people's safety and national security, make social panic and unrest, the economy suffered huge losses. The most thorough and tough way to destroy the Al Qaeda, hunt for terrorists, combat terrorism and terrorism financing countries cut global network. American government decided to resort to force, although the war will not solve all the problems. In policy formulation stage, "the times" reported mainly people to inform and explain the government's ideas and policies, take the initiative to provide legitimacy to obtain public support for the government behavior, at the same time to convey the government position to win the support of the international public opinion. The media and the government's foreign policy are consistent, there are a few other voices. The main contents of the following will be analysis report.

 

First of all, appeal to reason stated policy goals -- the war on terror. Weekly faithfully convey the American government's position and measures to be taken. Bush warned the world: "either with us, or with the terrorist, henceforth, any continue to shelter or state sponsors of terrorism will be American deemed hostile regime." USA requirement regime in Taliban hand over this? Laden and close the camp, Bush told the soldiers "ready, American action time is coming," tell the people "this is freedom and terror war, we are not tired, we won't hesitate, we shall not fail", the government has started to deploy troops, military mobilization, in addition to the air fight, but also to send ground troops; the government has repeatedly stressed, this is a full range of war, not only emphasizes the military component, also includes the economic, financial, intelligence, diplomatic and even religion, the terrorist organization includes not only hide in caves in Afghanistan, including network system is deeply rooted in the USA, Germany and other countries therefore, the battlefield will also extend to the Swiss bank, Middle East, North Africa city. But the most important task is to overthrow the Taliban regime and seize this? Laden, Arabia to world leaders that the war goal is limited. The specific strategy of the war in Afghanistan, is a shell with butter, Eagle Claw hold the olive branch, a claw arrows, prevent Arabia world's explosion, enhance mutual hatred will only split the alliance, the escape? Laden, launched the war in Afghanistan at the same time, to provide food and medicine to the area. We note, many reports have stated clearly that source is the The Pentagon State Department and White House officials, because they are the most understand the orientation of foreign policy and the final shape, and they told the press disclosed information is the inevitable result of the positive attitude of the foreign policy, and 9? 11 of the people of disaster America unprecedented unity and in support of the government, USA take policy is allow all doubt, even with the developments will adjust the possibility, media influence decision-making is weak. On the contrary, the media has become the government and the people and the international community to faithfully transfer the vocal cords, convey their diplomatic position, to the allies, neutral and enemy that their attitude, attitude is implicit in the next action. Thus the government officials and government agencies LED sources, thus causing a problem "very power source of news is controlling the news content, especially when the leaders agreed the case." anti-terrorism situation is very beneficial to the government and the press cooperation, the government has enough sources leading the report content, by careful preparation of the various government officials, the successful control of the news content elements: the scene (where), actor (who), motivation (why), the purpose to achieve desired means (how), political behavior itself (what), can be seen from the above analysis of media coverage is consistent with the government's intention, although probably not deliberately control, but due to the limited sources, "the government can use pseudo event different objective political environment to create useful political."

 

Secondly, demonstrate the legality of the war for domestic and international public opinion support, transfer also suggests that the national strategic focus. The mass media in addition to transfer the official position to the public and decision, also have events are interpreted, and consistent with the official policy, certification validity. "The times" a deepness report analyzes the terrorists to USA hatred, think America foreign policy in the Middle East in particular support for Israel and the religious belief that extreme hostile nationalist, fundamentalists or even moderate Arabs are very hate to American led western world. This paper describes the very objective, but in the part of conclusion said this? Laden in the name of holy war in the name of Allah, killing infidels, their behavior without restraint, America had no choice but to kill them. Also called a "world order" the son said, "in tears and sorrow, we see the opportunity", "make the world a better place" future generations, "the good wishes Enze all over the world, that" 9? 11 is the most far-reaching influence people aware of the global characteristics of Islamic extremism at the same time American threat, also have the opportunity, "if this? Laden is counting on Bush government in wild anger in the blind them, the frustrated, European leaders America gained great respect." As the "wars of choice in another article, must war" in the article, the author of the war on terrorism and war analogy, think that the country is in danger of the life and death struggle, concluded that "if we aren't prepared to respond with the overall war, we will suffer a large-scale war never experience and can't imagine". From the above statement can be seen, the mainstream view of mainstream news media because of patriotism, cultural prejudice and fixed mode of thinking and support the government's foreign policy, especially in the formation period policy, more inclined to accept the policy expectation and interpretation provided by the government, the media does not exclude other views, but also admitted that in this case hold different views would be blamed for not patriotic. The media fully explains the necessity of the war, also citing The Pentagon officials for the analysis of optimistic readiness, with vivid and detailed chart reproduces American soldiers and strategic deployment, causing war Justice legal momentum.

 

In addition, "the times" and also analyzes American global anti-terrorism alliance's ideas and efforts, that in this model, no boundaries, not clear where the enemy in war, must be all over the world especially in Arabia is the world's support. "The times" for several consecutive period the American potential allies, both for a supply of sth. and reach the anti-terrorism cooperation benefits, it is not reported to the government seeking strategic cooperation, but also in the indirect show USA are going to war is not a simple maintenance America national interests and security, but will be referred to the height of counter-terrorism issue of global USA, war is not against the Arabia world. In fact American through the media that countries can benefit from and America cooperation, America can also rely on the global alliance to support the completion of its counterterrorism target, also can persuade some unstable alliance skeptics, "global alliance is a strange group of unstable, apparently this policy has been criticized, said the alliance will pay the price, but Bush government felt the opportunity, officials see the political reality of" a new round of the league, "though fragile, but will have other effects." In addition, the media also convey the attitude of the government, the subtext is if you don't USA cooperation and even countries that support terrorism will have to pay the price, this also indicates the great change America diplomatic strategy in the war on terror, under the banner of national interests, against all impede American damage USA National status in the country.

Once again, the remembrance of the president and the evaluation of the effects of. "The times" in the 9? 11 attack a lot of space and people from all walks of life to the dead and actively rescue situation, the role of media in crisis reporting. In the special period of the crisis, people are emotional instability and lack of control, full of fear, crisis and improved the social interpretation of information and comfort requirements and enhance the role of the media to provide information and explanation, the crisis strong uncertainty and fear of danger makes people more dependent on mass media than usual. In addition, the mass media has played a powerful role and unite the people, to provide moral support, for example to encourage ordinary people to aid and donations. Specific to the terrorist crisis reports, "the terrorist actions and goals are usually made of counter terrorism authorities to inform and explain," "concerned about terrorists using means and to the victims of damage", "reports focused on terrorism crisis can let the public know how government works" of the crisis, "the legalization and action help make the investigators, was recognized by the people, the people give their status, and that the terrorists reprehensible", "stop the rumours spread". "The times" described many touching details, the victims are ordinary people kind-hearted, diligent, and the terrorists are brutally kill these common America people, let the reader sincerely for the victims and sympathy, strongly condemned the terrorist, reports not only reflect the will of the people, and through the media to the public opinion of expansion, a public basic foreign policy. Also for example, wrote a one armed boy will change to New York firefighters; an attack on The Pentagon lost her husband and son women pay Coffee shop owner a lot of money supply, free for soldiers Coffee pass by Coffee shop, wrote the as comments, "this great tragedy has many magical power, we feel our oldest value new from the national, from their own, when an imported the concept of freedom as a form of government of the free people to rediscover their power, will be fearless".

 

In addition, "the times" also published many essays, and government performance evaluation Bush in terrorist attacks, all the articles on Bush positive evaluation, polls show that Bush support rate rose sharply, at the critical moment, need a strong leader to lead and unite the people, help people establish solve a difficult problem, authoritative and through the support of the people to increase the president and the government in foreign policy, the media at this time is absolutely patriot, spare no effort shaping the president and the government's image, taken not too harsh stance on government policy, "reporters play is to promote the views of the president and policy role, which led to 'rally around the flag' phenomenon", "journalists often lose the so-called non partisan stance, but with the government and its policy America tightly together, in the report not by news' Objectivity 'requirements, using shows that the more neutral language news and reports are not affected by the parties and the event, but the use of' US' and 'they' in words like" rarely provocative president, to make the whole The society that, "we are together", which is the unity of effect of media "". United effects reflect when the country faced the threat, unity is more important than understanding information. According to a survey of one year after the Gulf War, the eyes of the public crisis the role of the media is the most important to establish unity, people expect the mass media become the crisis in the emotional leader. On foreign policy, the function of mass media can weaken the divisions within society, mobilize the whole society to support the government policy, the threat to the more violent and more suddenly, the unity of effect more strongly, and end with the crisis and quickly disappear.

 

The second stage. In the policy implementation stage, the development is rapid, the situation is not clear, the result has not yet appeared, the reporter can do is to find that developments in people, but the sources of news objectivity itself would lose some degree. In the implementation phase of the war on terror, most of the sources are American officials and anti regime in Taliban's Northern League, the reporter can only rely on the sources and accept them on the situation analysis and forecast. As the war gradually clear, the reporter has analyzed resources are relatively more, they would question the validity of certain policy and military strategy at first, but eventually they chose to keep consistent with the foreign policy. In the implementation stage, the mass media is the lack of independent opinions, dare not rashly denied a policy is not a foregone conclusion, the history of the "Bay of pigs", the Vietnam War, the apparent failure of foreign policy implementation stage, the mass media and the foreign policy is still a considerable agreement. But in the war on terror, American news dominated by severe challenges, Qatar's al Jazeera claimed the government through the media USA psychological warfare, propaganda position, so that the whole war report presents new and complicated situation. The following will analyze this phase of the reporting theme:

 

First of all, on the full range of counter terrorism strategy step, the report. For attacking Taliban reported, "times" quoted many maps and charts, introducing the advanced weaponry to the reader, or target and deployment. There are many articles analysis difficulty fighting in Afghanistan, but also use the The Pentagon official opinion article, think Taliban's weapons and equipment is very backward, defense system is difficult to us, is the message of American and Taliban disparity, demonstrating the possibility of victory of the war. When the war's progress as expected optimism, mass media, there is a different voice: the war did not end quickly, and will last for a considerable period. Media questioning whether the war detailed enough, sufficient. It should be noted that, the media cannot bear the blame weakened morale. When the war was a turning point of progress, reported and all stood on the position of the praise of U.S. military strength. No reservations in foreign policy, the opposition very little. Discussion on the causes of this phenomenon, must involve the media and media control system. The war coverage, the media received information "is the center of system through a military authorities under the strict control to rank is the review of the content, the lessons of the Vietnam War is a set of legal enforcement official procedures". "The times" for advanced military weapons are described, the continuation of the Gulf War to the mass culture brings "weapon of new aesthetics", precision guided weapons and air to effectively combat the common manufacturing war myth, conceal the cruel realities of war, so that people are relatively easy to accept the war as a conflict resolution, the mass media in a degree as a military tool.

 

Secondly, to Taliban, Al Qaeda and Northern Alliance introduction. "The times" specially wrote an article on Taliban ruled Afghanistan, description of the Taliban to other tribes and the freedom of the people, women's harsh imprisonment and suppress support for terrorism, created an authoritarian regime image, make us to take military action in Afghanistan has not only the anti-terrorism goal, but given the humanitarian and the meaning of democracy. The Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations is based on the objective approach to introduce their belief, the manufacturing of terrorist attacks and the cause of human tragedy, let their readers to form an opinion, that terrorism is the enemies of all mankind, the U.S. military action to save the human race. For the enemy -- the northern alliance is more like the fair the enemy, they are also keen on the war, and must not bring peace to Afghanistan, but they know that Afghanistan terrain, is a pawn of the ground offensive is indispensable. America mass media to spread the public is successful, in the attacking us even domestic not effective against anthrax, the public still has a high support rate of government.

 

But America propaganda in Arabia world is obviously not enough success. Arabia world is ingrained hatred Western sentiments, and considered this? Laden is Muslim hero, America wars against Afghanistan invasion of Arabia was a pagan sacred territory. Al Jazeera broadcast this? Laden's video, the circuitous measures? Laden use media to use political cunning win millions of Muslim people. Obviously this is a propaganda war, American not only to prevent terrorists killed USA people, should also consolidate Arabia allies. Bush on anti American sentiments very surprised, "I was surprised how people do things for our country has so much misunderstanding, we should better enable people to understand us". For the analysis of this situation, we should make clear the problem is not out in the America did not transfer the war was not in Arabia or American world is a victim of terrorism such information, but in America want to express will not arrive in Arabia world. American international media investment in the Middle East area is very small, there is no coordinated strategy of publicity, in support of the high incidence of domestic vigorously control messages, while in the most hostile to America places but be at a loss what to do.

 

On the contrary, Al Jazeera to the atmosphere of freedom, bold statement to win a majority of the Arabia audience, many politicians also use it as a diplomatic offensive stage, so that USA also began to actively arrange the official told Al Jazeera TV interview. In addition, America also issued tens of thousands to the culture of low degree of the Afghan people, leaflets, drop food and bomb by carrying out psychological warfare, through extensive public relations offensive against Taliban's free speech. But these are only short-term remedy measures, successfully transform the Middle East people's views on America still needs time to be. This surface is hostile propaganda of the contest, but the essence is implied in the freedom of the press after each political power struggle, to fight for the international media discourse right.

 

Both USA government or terrorists, they are political persuasion, to change their thoughts and behavior or strengthen some established fact, both parties are trying to use the symbol effective hinted he represent the most people's fundamental interests to the public, the specific value and people more attention to specific events, people can more easily persuade. The special political system, and cultural background of the media to create symbols, "provides a bridge for the individual and society, the political order, coordinate the relationship between the individual and the social reality, shaping people's concept, allowing people to explore the meaning of events through their own experience. Can also limit people's field of vision, make people susceptible to manipulation". Time in the phase of the execution of foreign policy, give a lot of space to release the results of intelligence agencies, to show the 9? 11 attacks do with this? Laden and Al Qaeda have close relations, says many of the 9 hijackers? 11 have in the Al Qaeda trained, Al Qaeda has a global network of financing terrorist activities; the open? Laden a tape, Bush government recognized that this is the sin the declaration, is this? Laden's self confessed, concluded 9? 11 terrorist attacks with Al Qaeda traditional patterns of behavior, to help the allies in the Middle East leaders to persuade people, reasonable evidence American foreign policy. Many middle east television broadcast the video tapes and acknowledge the truth, but only with this evidence is difficult to change people's views against the war in the middle east.

 

In short, in the policy implementation stage, the mass media is consistent with the government in defining terrorism theme. In America safety under severe threat moment, when this war is to America national security situation, the reporters as a patriot, hope USA can win, their legitimacy with the government, that war, according to official reports of intention to act, to criticize the views of scholars, the mass media lost "full coverage" power to some extent.

 

The third stage. When foreign policy results appeared gradually, the mass media has gradually get rid of the situation was not familiar with and the whole frame is not clear weakness, is independent of the government's foreign policy. When the policy is generally successful, the mass media will give positive reports, but also points out some limitations of policy, this is news objectivity, one hand is because of "two tips" than pure praise easier to convince people; when the policy failure, the mass media will play its criticism and suggestions the function, make the invalid or failed foreign policy can be amended or repealed. This phase of the reporting theme as follows:

 

First of all, from the Taliban ruled Afghanistan to description and introduction to the Afghan interim government. "The times" reported that a group picture news, free atmosphere people passed around star illustrated, Afghan women wear high heels in Shangjie, Afghan children smile, "age" message is, is this war America makes the Afghan people liberated from Taliban's harsh rule, that freedom and democracy in the war-torn country become possible, to prove beneficial American foreign policy, America not only for national security, but also to free the well-being of the world, "the scene of joy is a holiday gift, remind people in addition to the basic self defense, the war is worth". Further confirmed American foreign policy goal is to combat terrorism and not for the Arabia world, USA shells and aid policy is successful, this information is to promote the subtext of American values, in order to further eliminate Arabia world's hostility, access to terrorism action next international support. In addition, "times" also for several periods and practice all sorts of policy ideas introduced to Taliban USA after period of afghanistan. After Taliban, the Afghan domestic situation is still very confused, factions vying for power, America must join forces, to provide assistance to Afghanistan, to help it rebuild the country, not as in 1989 after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. To ignore, cause future problems. American led alliance, the United Nations and Afghanistan's neighbors are trying to integrate all the different forces, a united government, fill the political vacuum, Afghanistan, stable domestic situation. In order to avoid becoming USA occupiers of the suspects, was initially sent the army to maintain the liberation area security, but America strategic intent is to take control of the area, and set up a responsible big country image. The mass media in the face of USA success, is to give more objective reporting results, but the message all with USA universalism color rendering American, value view, praise be America results of foreign policy.

 

Secondly, the global search for this? Laden and Al Qaeda member reports and the next target of terrorism. Reports in this area there are many questioned the voice, looking for terrorists to American results expressed doubts, but "times" also quoted official point of view, defines the goal at this stage of the results and the next step. "Think of a deep era" in response to its long-term policy, America do deep introspection, if USA behavior aroused hostility to a new generation of Muslims, so this war is the victory of Laden?. America and its allies should be fighting on three fronts: (1) the battlefield of war was not quite over, must be fully lifted the Al Qaeda armed, cut off their funding, if they seek new haven or countries still support them, war will extend out from afghanistan. (2) to help the Afghan reconstruction, as already mentioned. (3) "relative poverty will not cause of terrorism, but it would create sympathy and support network", USA to learn to listen to different points of view and USA. But America governments pay more attention to find this? Laden, and it will be increased to the most urgent agenda, because did not find this? Laden, the object of war is not the final implementation. In this connection, many have criticized the intelligence and military action, think they can give a false sense of security is not really eliminate the root of terror, the long-term strategy, even to catch this? Laden, if not completely eliminate the hostility and hatred, as long as there is no terrorist forces every grass, as long as American still implement the original Middle East policy, terrorism could not truly die. But at the same time, "time" is also very loyal to convey the views of the government, which increase the global search efforts, in cooperation with the countries, strong grasp of the Al Qaeda global network, frozen for many banks and funds. In addition, a temporary reduction in national security threats, the various political forces debate began to appear. In the policy specification and execution stage, in order to unite the people and strengthen national cohesion, the ruling clique of argument is weakened, under normal circumstances, in the official did not argue, the mass media is not controversial, but when the ruling clique of arguments, the media become their opinion on the forum, and the media will also set up agenda consciousness, statements of different views.

 

In short, in the policy outcome stage, the mass media have more resources and more independent reported spiritual, they will be faithful evaluation policy, but because they are not experts, they are more from the appearance of the success to be judged, and therefore vulnerable to the government and people of the emotional guidance, in many cases, the media's public opinion and the government's followers rather than leaders, but it is undeniable that, at this stage, the role of the mass media is more positive, more independent, in addition to inform and explain, transfer the official position, to form his own judgment and analysis, to introduce more different sounds, the diplomatic policy further improved or provide useful suggestions, really carry out supervision and the function of criticism.

 

Conclusion: the relationship between the mass media and the foreign policy were discussed, with specific examples. As you can see, the media has to inform, explain the information, the function of guiding public opinion, and sometimes even the participants foreign policy directly, but the media in countries under the framework, can't really be unaffected by the independent "fourth powers", the media are always in the communication system and communication control. Especially in the interaction with foreign policy, the restriction from the most, and in different stages of foreign policy because of the special events and play different functions.

 

USA of mass media in the war on terror, reports, position and view, to explain the government's advocacy of belief, rally the people, explain the legitimacy of the war, for all sorts of limits of national security interests and feelings of patriotism and media coverage of foreign policy by mass media, always stand on the side of the government, and on the social objectives propaganda, trying to use the powerful discourse power, won the support and the collapse of rival. The relationship between mass media and foreign policy, help us to further understand the constraints of contemporary diplomacy, and the use of these factors better for the realization of national policy, the strategic goal and the interests of the state and the service.

 

Muckraking network recrimination and USA ""　　

Abstract: with vigour and vitality of the American press "muckraking" although in the past more than a century, but as a prelude to the media supervision of social influence is still. The network media with its own development, also began to play its great power of supervision of public opinion. Network recrimination and American "muckraking" have many similarities, but there are also many different points.

　　

Keywords: muckraking expose network supervision of public opinion

　　

Muckraking America ""

　　

At the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth CenturyAmerica, commodity economy is highly developing, capitalism from free competition to monopoly. Some economic giants control USA economic lifeline, they in order to consolidate the monopoly position, ignoring the interests of employees on the internal, external to the damage to the public interest as an important means to make money. Some journalists sensitive awareness of the seriousness of this social problem, trying to use an active form of in-depth reports, to discover, to expose the ugly phenomenon. In 1903, Llull magazine published "Mike" Lincoln Stephen "muckraking", reveals the Municipal Corruption insider. In the years that followed, a number of journalists by the mass media provides the stage, to focus on some of the chaebol, exposing them regardless of the interests of the public take away by force or trickery despicable act, the scandal of the more than 2000 papers, the authors of these articles by Theodore Lo Roosevelt President sarcasm "muckraking", this field with vigour and vitality. Muckraking Movement is also known as the USA muckraking press "". Although this movement to "Muckraking Movement" flagship publication has been conservative group purchase and ended, butThe press a "muckraking" it has promoted the America a series of government reform, help USA through the economic crisis, also left a profound impact, has played a positive role in society. It not only contributed to the America the awakening of civic consciousness, more make the public opinion supervision ideas win support among the people, eventually created the modern sense of the news investigation of this new form of news reports.

　　

The rise of network recrimination

　　

With the development of Internet, the network has gradually shown its powerful function of supervision by public opinion, since 2008 a series of network exposure events, allow people to once again feel the power of network public opinion. Exposure from Nanjing City Real Estate Management Bureau of Jiangning District, the original director Zhou Jiugeng's "day price smoke" to the Shenzhen Maritime Bureau leadership of a certain obscene girls aged 11 years old behavior, from the Sanlu melamine to the Yunnan detention center "hide and seek" event, from Wenzhou to Las Vegas luxury tours to the Hang Zhoufu family drag racing crash case, in these network exposure event in, people use the Internet platform, through the investigation of numerous netizen promotion and related departments, will eventually be outlaws restrain by law.

　　

News exposure is not unfamiliar to us, from the focus of CCTV to the quality of miles to the annual "3 · 15" party, these are on the traditional TV media, often by the time and playback of content restrictions, but also because of television production cost high, long cycle, it is difficult to really play the role of supervision and social. With the rise of the Internet, the network of grassroots, open, large capacity and unlimited communication power, provides a good platform for network monitoring. It can be the first time reported or expose the truth of the incident, the media focused on an event, virtually created a huge monitor pressure, good and evil forces, promote social justice. The network is an important embodiment of national supervision of recrimination, is the Internet era, the new "fourth power" form, especially in the form of supervision vacancy normal when it can often play a supervisory role well, as someone has said, "the Internet like a ray of sunshine, as long as the sun to place long mildew".

　　

The same point network recrimination and "muckraking"

　　

The background is basically the same. USA "muckraking" produced in the late nineteenth Century early twentieth Century, passed after the civil war America rapid economic development, but the rapid industrialization and city to make major changes have taken place in the social structure in the short term, but also produces all sorts of social problems. On one side is the social wealth is increasing rapidly, the other side is the sweatshops, corruption and bribery, intrigues, fake...... Economic order confusion, social life began turbulence. One of the most core, is the most serious corruption phenomenon as a "syndrome" as a sudden outbreak, the breadth and depth of a be struck dumb, it seems the whole society deeply embroiled. It is serious, widespread corruption caused social moral corruption, the whole spirit comprehensive crisis, the gap between the rich and the poor is expanding rapidly, various kinds of social contradictions suddenly sharp, endanger social stability.

　　

From the rise of Chinese network recrimination movement background, also occurred in the process of national industrialization, city of. Industrialization makes a large number of rural labor force in the city, the city management system can not adapt to the increasing population pressure, so there are many new problems. At the same time, sweatshops, corruption and bribery, counterfeiting, collusion and other phenomena also exist, business disputes, labor disputes, the contradiction between urban and rural. But the transformation of social management needs of the development of the course of rule of law, government and public service level is not the economy, some leading cadres from the masses, divorced from reality, formalism, bureaucracy is serious. People in some problems remain unresolved for a long time circumstances, to rely on the power of the network, through the network of recrimination to cause the attention of the relevant departments. It is in this context, the network is becoming more and more popular recrimination.

　　

Loose media environment. By the second half of the nineteenth Century, USA popular commercial newspapers, newspapers are becoming more and more independent of politics, they reported in national politics tends to be more objective, independent and rational. The newspaper "against the privileged classes and public predator, never lost sympathy with the poor......" It is in such a liberal media environment, a lot of journalists facing the social phenomenon of ugly, picked up the pen in the hand mercilessly expose the corruption of government officials, financial shady, monopoly chaebol take away by force or trickery, and the rise of a field with vigour and vitality "muckraking movement".

　　

After the reform and opening up, China's political environment and the media environment has undergone great changes, especially after the emergence of Internet media, the media environment is even more fundamental changes, network openness and inclusiveness provides survival soil for the network exposure, public discourse platform of the Internet into for people to express their interest demands and a variety of views. Experience of the Internet freedom of speech, improving citizen ability and the opportunity to participate in politics, improve the audience to participate in the social supervision of enthusiasm. Especially the blog as a large number of private communication power after the rise, gradually become the initiator and promoter of a series of major recrimination event, the general public including vulnerable groups, marginalized groups also have more right to speak. Loose media environment make more and more people began to use the power of the network, some dark, corruption and drying on the Internet, let them accept the opinion judging from all sectors of society.

　　

Exposure to. American "muckraking" was a magazine as the main aims to expose the scandal, condemnation of corruption, calling for justice and conscience movement. In the early days of muckraking, general muckraking articles just show abnormal phenomenon, frightful to the ear, natural disasters, man-made disasters, violence, scandal once full of magazine layout, although with a critical means, but is still blindly facts, is exposed, and not pointed out the solution. With the "muckraking" in depth, they began investigating the cause of corruption, in-depth understanding of what causes the phenomenon of corruption. "Lincoln Stephens is an important figure muckraking" said in his autobiography, "Lincoln Stephens said:" in the media should consider these corruption is how it happened, how to prevent, eliminate corruption, what is the responsibility of the news media, how to keep the benign development of social stability, make etc.. "Muckraking" reveal all the dark society and indeed shocking, but it is not the purpose of shake, fundamentally overturned America social system, but on the contrary, is to promote the self adjustment, reform, and thus more stable.

　　

Whether it is "hide and seek" event or Sanlu melamine incident, the network recrimination purpose are also aims to promote social equity and justice by exposing corruption, promoting social stability and healthy development in the right track. Network recrimination to events from the outside to the inside are revealed through the network, attracted everyone's attention, to facilitate social change, thereby promoting social legalization and standardization, to promote the process of building a harmonious socialist society.

　　

Have played the role of social supervision. "Muckraking" large-scale public opinion supervision and other social forces to join, contributed to the known as "the reform and progressive", effectively curb the USA ugly social phenomenon to spread, laid the foundation for the prosperity and stability of American today. Upton Sinclair's "slaughterhouse" revealed that Chicago meat plant dirty and dark shocking, it is said that the old president Roosevelt dare not eat sausage, and led to the government through the "Food Sanitation Law". "Muckraking" promote social reforms such as tide, involves all aspects of social life, the government has promulgated a pure food and Drug Administration Law, carnivorous check law, antitrust law and other laws, in the women's suffrage, housing, education, employment, social insurance and social welfare are doing the major reform. These measures, effective curb corruption, quickly relieve the is rattling the potential social contradictions.

　　

The openness of the network allows users to fully express their interests and opinions, and through the corruption reports, rapid correction of corruption and unwholesome tendencies. The network media on the one hand, guarantee the realization of the freedom of speech and the right to know, right of access, but also improve the audience's enthusiasm for political participation, promote the process of democratization of society. Network recrimination promoted the establishment press spokesman, information disclosure, the anti-corruption system; migrant workers, city vulnerable groups gradually began to the attention of the media and "moral support". Network recrimination is exerting its natural powerful force of public opinion has become to promote, deepening reform, promoting the new motive force of social progress.

　　

Different network recrimination and "muckraking"

　　

The subject is not the same as recrimination. The main USA Muckraking Movement is the magazine journalist, such as "Mike Llull" founder Samuel S Mike Llull, "cosmopolitan" reporter David Graham Phillips, "arena" Lei Beck. They face when America social injustice and corruption, with a high sense of responsibility will show the ugly truth to the public. They are not afraid of power, uphold justice, even USA President Theodore I ridiculed them is "muckraking man".

　　

The main network recrimination has two kinds: one is the young reporter news practitioners in the unknown, two is the number of Internet users. From the users of the exposure is the main network of recrimination, they are often the personage inside the industry, they serve and explosive industry insider, they are familiar with the extent of their industry is difficult to compare with others. Participation in recrimination journalists also tend to be fearless in young people, they once from the network to capture a bit of news and information, will immediately follow up survey, until find out.

　　

Revealing the different objects. American "muckraking" is an enterprise, to expose the ugly acts of justice movement, the recrimination is mainly monopolies that harm the public interest. At that time, many industries and enterprises American consortium was news reporter revealed, such as Mobil Oil Corp, Rockefeller Co and American slaughtering industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, financial industry, insurance industry, etc.. The famous "Mike Llull" magazine reporter Edda, Tarbell spent 5 years investigation and written 15 period report, finally compiled into "Mobil Oil Corp" history, exposes the Mobil Corp in the oil monopoly war espionage and terrorism, eventually making 70 related enterprises America government according to the 1880 "antitrust law" against the Mobil Oil Corp and its subordinates, eventually making Mobil petroleum empire.

　　

Network recrimination coverage than USA "muckraking" is much greater, not only the recrimination object like Sanlu, Nine Dragons Paper and other enterprises, there are Zhou Jiugeng, Edison Chan and other political and entertainment figures, some local government departments, and even the police, judges and law enforcement. China is in the social transition period, various contradictions more prominent, the people's democracy consciousness strengthens gradually, network openness and grassroots provides a good platform for network recrimination, traditional media and network media to enhance the role of supervision by public opinion of network media.

　　

The media in different ways. "Muckraking" media is the main journal, the magazine release cycle is long, large capacity, effectiveness is not the pursuit of news, which happens to meet on the characteristics of recrimination reported need long time investigations and interviews. Therefore, revealing the prevalence in the journal, magazine expose corruption, corruption, crime and profiteers operation market in the newspaper.

　　

And the report way of network recrimination is often three-dimensional mode of transmission, revealing journalistic head often from the network forum, some news sources put the general situation to Internet forums, and web press plate began to follow, then the newspapers, television, radio and other media have begun to follow up reports, and so the formation of a variety of media and comprehensive report situation, thus greatly improve the communication effect. (Zhongzhou University School of culture and communication the author unit:)

 

Reference.

1 Gu Yijie: "Muckraking Movement in New Era: the network media exposure", China news center.

The 2 Lei Yi: "save America" muckraking "," Zhongpingwang.

3 he: "the protector of Social Transformation -- USA Muckraking Movement a hundred years", Sina media, 2003-03-19.

4 Lincoln Stephens: "America muckraking reports classical works", Hainan University Press, 2000 edition.

    

America news recrimination actually comes from the party newspaper period earlier, "after the 1783 war of independence, America entered the party newspaper period, gradually formed the Thomas Jefferson led the Republican Party headed by Alexander Hamilton and the two political parties don't federal party." During this period, to criticize or attack, recrimination, invective means to create is not conducive to the opponent party political opinion, become the common idea of the party politics. The party newspaper has initially formed a freedom of expression that pay equal attention to propaganda and attack. As in the America early election of the president and the ruling, the Federalists and Republicans are using their mastery of the newspapers made fierce attacks on rival. In Washington, President expires after published a farewell speech, experienced newspaper attack: "if ever there was a man makes a country fallen, is fallen American washington. If there was a country suffered undue influence a person, America is suffered undue influence in washington. If a country had been deceived by a person, USA is Washington cheated." Thomas Jefferson was a newspaper more violent swearing in election 1801: "serious and thoughtful people don't worry about these issues, if Jefferson is elected, murder, robbery, rape, adultery and incest will spread in said of peaceful times. under, the sunshine will be full of unhappy people sorrow calls, the earth will soaking in a pool of blood." And so, in addition to party a fight between temperament, more importantly, the "human evil", "with the government as the evil", "to the power of the evil" political culture gives birth to this newspaper recrimination philosophy.
    

Political culture is a "comprehensive sense of social members held for political system and its process of political attitude, emotion, value orientation, such as the nature of the problem and treat people the power and the right attitude, treat the cognition and complex state and government and so on." Adhering to the spirit of American British classical liberalism, modern political liberalism political elite and the public to take complex makes rational attitude like this on the government: the government is evil, but it is necessary. The government is not a scourge but, it is the lesser of two evils (shortcomings and government the natural state of) in the lesser. The state power and the government is based on the evil nature of human and the power of evil, the government by the self-interest and seek to maximize the benefits of the "economic man", the government will have the opportunity to use the powers conferred by the people for personal gain, government power needs restriction and supervision. But if there is no government, the contract can not be maintained, property and security can not be guaranteed. This consensus is rooted in the belief people selfish nature not move. As Hume said: human nature is selfish, or only given a limited generosity, it is not easy to be induced to make any behavior as the stranger's interests, unless they want to get some mutual interests. Machiavelli is more direct: about the human, can say, they are devoid of gratitude, Changeling, escape from danger, the pursuit of profit, as long as there is a chance, people according to their nature. Liberal political culture of good government demands that the government: the exercise of public power for the public interests, it is not necessarily the best, but to avoid the worst. "We must take everyone envisioned for miscreants is indeed correct political maxim", "in the design of any regime and the determination of some restriction, supervision mechanism of the system, must take each member of the government envisaged for miscreants, and assume that they are in order to seek personal gain as the relationship, we should with this kind of interest to control them and make them cooperate with the public interest," Hume on the government power holders born shall accept the supervision and call a spade a spade. "The government is free to believe not to trust as the cornerstone, for we have to give them the power of law, to put them down. Our constitution is the limit we can trust, can't go any further than that, "one of the drafters of the constitution of USA Jefferson in 1778," Kent based resolution "also expressed the necessity for the government to doubt.
    

In view of such political beliefs and attitudes, newspapers to expose and criticism of public power for oneself, it is to cater to the market considerations, control the game between interest groups, but the objective is to make the private sex power transaction and government always be placed in jeopardy, the government and the state is always in the criticism from the media on the rule "legitimacy", "revealing" win-win way to move the government constantly close to people's expectations of government. In the news expose the largest at the beginning of the twentieth Century, ten or twenty years ago, newspapers muckraking objects on the surface with large enterprises take bribes and bend the law gives priority to tone, but behind it is political, judicial, police and other public power transactions: "politicians and citizens tend to corruption due to business people, business has been a source of all the evil political and economic. But all these big and small businesses have one thing in common, they demand for privileges, franchises and special legislation, these are the corruption legislation as the premise; requirements of protective tariffs, safeguard the special interests of legal interpretation, in law enforcement or 'protection' help relax judges, prosecutors and police the ''. 'privilege' is the root of evil. Privileges from the government, the government too much power and are not subject to supervision by the corruption." And doubting that government power evil political culture tradition has come down in one continuous line in journalism, exposing the government and officials philosophy has solidified into a normal thought media.
    

Three, "to maintain justice" newspaper exposure system
    

Not anyone want to expose or have someone poke black can form the climate. The key is in the system, the system is independent of the media. Such media system is how to effectively implement? This is the crux of the problem.
    

"If the government restricted badly, it may become evil government", which is independent of America a common political belief and pursuit. At the end of the eighteenth Century the beginning of the nineteenth Century, Alexander Hamilton Rock, Montesquieu and the wise learn about basic government thought essence of power balance, puts forward the concrete design of separation and restriction of power, power restriction and supervision, make ideal power to counter the assumptions have been focus on practice in USA. In the inertial running strong powers, the government did not take the initiative to make the press gained independence, autonomy due rights, media is in the "fourth powers", largely due to the separation of the three powers and checks and balances in the judicial independence and balance, judicial power to the administrative, legislative counter contributed to the media to political freedom of criticism with the advance of the right expression. Specifically, federal or state court through judicial independence review or judicial way respectively, the government's administrative legislation validity rules for Congress to make the negative, legislative or administrative rules unconstitutional because Congress, government power clamp. On the institutional media rights protection, judicial power play a substantive role, because the judicial power of Congress any legislative restrictions on media rights will face Court Unconstitutional restriction mechanism, once the government told the media acts administrative constraints, it must face the judicial review, judicial review can be powerful and overthrow the management rules are not reasonable the. Participation by a jury of judicial decision is bias protection newspaper criticizing the duties based on "public interest" defense, ruled that the government or officials must assume more obligations. This is the media to publish on the government's satire and criticism and not have to worry about the root cause by the government or officials in charge of libel.
    

As early as in eighteenth Century 30 time, newspapers criticized the government from defamatory allegations of judicial precedent has appeared, this is the classic "Zenger case". "New York review" although published criticism of the government and the content is not entirely consistent with the actual situation of the reports, but the jury decided the newspaper acquittal, judicial practice and defamation lawsuit in the America established three basic principles: the future hard to shake the libel must be fabricated facts, facts not slander charges of libel must hold; the authenticity of the facts of evidence, not just allegations; decision publication is guilty of libel, must be made by a jury verdict, and shall not be decided by the judges make. The first amendment to the Constitution in 1791 entry into force of the legislation for the press freedom and the exercise of criticism without legal constraints provide constitutional protection. Later, because the newspaper disclosed the truth, criticized the government were defamatory allegations have occurred, but the government or official proceedings the court supported the decision in rare cases. To 1920 "Chicago City Hall v." Chicago Tribune "case", newspaper criticizing the government also won the "responsibility counterplea free fair comment", the court acquitted the press press, "criticism of the government was" absolutely right "". No matter before or after the Muckraking Movement, the court to effectively counter means to maintain the press criticism through many decision rights, establish and strengthen the media based on the "public interest" and the free, independent attack on government news system. Hard to imagine, if not always support the judicial power, why can press ideas into action, and the formation of long-term practice of traditional news. In this regard, the judicial protection for the core media independent system is the prerequisite for American press Muckraking Movement can produce.