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 The road from the lawyer to the president---The lawyer America president

 

 Investigation of five thousand politicians occupation worldChina pet experts lawyer American

Translation of Chen Xiangyang  In 2009 05 months 26 days

 

  The five thousand politicians of Occupation: leaders before entering politics is stem what?

Translation of Chen Xiangyang

   The lawyer politician America origin mostly, Chinese senior leaders by engineers for many, also some national leadership is of military origin, some countries prefer the doctor. Why leadership on the occupation of different countries have different preferences? In order to find the answer, the British "economist" magazine on the "occupation background nearly 5000 politicians international who's who", the interesting conclusion.

Obama at the London summit of the group of 20 nations meeting with Hu Jintao, not only is the meeting of two heads of state, but also two kinds of occupation and thinking mode -- this is to meet lawyers and engineers to dialogue, the former based on the basic principles for a supply of sth. debate trained, they know how to build a set of physics the structure, and can keep it intact.

　　America political circle preference law

The lawyer is widely existed in elite USA Politics (in the early 30's of the nineteenth Century, the French scholar Tocqueville noticed a point), but now this trend than ever. Obama in 1988 ~ 1991 attended the Harvard University law school, many of his cabinet members have legal education background: Secretary of state Hilary had attended (1969 ~ 1973), the Minister of justice Eric Holder attended Columbia law school (1973 ~ 1976); Vice President Jo Baden attended Syracuse University law school (1965 ~ 1968); CIA director Leon Pa attended Santa Clara University School of law (1960 ~ 1963), and this is just the tip of the iceberg. In USA Congress, more than half of the senators have legal experience. The core circle in Obama is a lot of him in Harvard law school classmate: for example, a former dean of Harvard Law School Elena Kagan, Vice Minister of justice of the Obama cabinet; law school professor Keith Sunstein, also served in the Obama administration.

　　The most senior engineer China multi

And the difference is Chinese President Hu Jintao, he served as a hydraulic engineer at a state-owned power enterprises. His predecessor, Jiang Zemin, is an electrical engineer, worked in the Moscow Stalin car factory. Prime Minister Wen Jiabao is geological engineering major. In the 9 member of the Standing Committee of Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 8 had engineer, only one has the law professional background. In recent American, an engineer turned president, or Herbert Hoover (1929 ~ 1933 in office).

　　People of similar backgrounds to aggregate

Some results on the expected. Many countries Africa or power in a military coup leaders, such as president Bashir of Sultan; or born in the guerrilla leader, such as Ethiopia's prime minister Meles Zenawi and Rwandan president Kagame Paul. Of course, they will rely on the power of former comrades in arms, and the army of the country's influence is more durable than the individual. In Indonesia, although the military rule in 1998 has come to an end, but because Indonesia is composed of 17000 islands, the army is one of the few can penetrate into the one of national agencies across the country, so the general still have greater influence in politics.

In the election, will also appear similar background person polymerized together, but the army to weaker influence. Many countries including USA, have their own political dynasty, in the UK, according to the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge established different political network. The Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, early in the St Petersburg city hall and the KGB, formed the core circle of their own.

Because countries have their own history and culture, and are at different stages of development, which makes some of the attributes of different countries favour leaders, and these qualities are not evenly distributed in some specific occupation.

Countries often have their own significant tendency. Like scholars interested in Egypt, South Korean civilian staff, Brazil tend to the doctor.

In "democracy", lawyers are often dominant, this is not what strange. Because the law and politics are facing the same problem: how to build a just society, how to balance between freedom and security. A lawyer needs the ability to collate evidence, convince the jury, control, and this is the political arena needed. In the German Bundestag, 1/3 members are lawyers. Consists of 16 French Sarkozy cabinet, as many as 9 people had been a lawyer or law graduates, including the president, Prime Minister and finance minister, and a president served as a USA law firm.

　　Why China like engineer politicians

In Chinese, engineers have so much influence, can find some reasons from the history and ideology. Chinese education were affected by the radical Mao Zedong thought, engineering is one of the most security research field. But, at present Chinese seems to always have a preference of large engineering project. For example, the Soviet Union is a country rich in engineer politicians (including Yeltsin), it wants to change some of the flow of rivers of the Soviet union.

Chinese has emerged so many engineer politicians, but also with a specific thinking mode. At least in theory, the engineer's job is to ensure that things work, such as bridge hanging does not collapse, or dams as steady as a rock. The engineer should look far ahead from a high plane, because if the building in a few years after the collapse, then it will be of no value. It is not difficult to understand, to give priority to development status, and engage in infrastructure construction Chinese, engineers will go on top.

　　The French School of administration: Shortcuts career

See here, you might say America and China political and cultural characteristics of the French both: it has democratic politics, but also have a strong, centralized government, also like the state plan. A high level of civilian personnel have a great influence on the politics of France, they are mainly from the French administrative school in Strasbourg (only 100 graduates each year). The French administrative college graduates is almost a monopoly of the high level of civilian jobs, and these jobs are stepping stones to the top. In 11 recent prime ministers and 4 presidents, respectively 7 and 2 graduate from the school. Although Sarkozy was not the French administrative college graduate, and his cabinet have only one graduated from this, but this is only weakened the monopoly on the high school of government, the French School of administration is still a shortcut to the career. Survey, 1/10 of French politicians to graduate from the school.

　　The merchant political family number second

As shown in Figure second, politicians generally born occupation is a businessman. The business experience and decisive decision-making recognized quality successfully applied to many people not politics, Prime Minister Berlusconi of Italy and America former Massachusetts governor Mitter Romney, is considered to be the only two. But the subprime crisis let financiers highlighted the role out: in Britain, the bank's former head now became Minister of trade. In American, former Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and New Jersey governor Jon Cosain, served as CEO of Goldman sachs.

Although rich democracies seem most likely to accept business management skills, but the impact of this technique on the emerging countries is much larger. Since the 80's of last century, merchants played a decisive role in the politics of Thailand. The former Prime Minister of Thailand, who are full of Bangkok high streets and back lanes of the "Red Army" of his letter, is the obvious example.

In the local elections in Russia in 1997 and in 2003, 38 businessmen for local magistrate, the final 10 wins. The centre for economic and financial research in Moscow, Scott Gail Bach and Constantine sonnin think, 3 factors gave birth to the businessmen in the post Soviet politics; in the new democratic regime, only the robber barons can only afford to run; but due to the lack of strict party discipline, businessmen do not trust politicians to practice the election commitment, as they entered the political arena.

Perhaps there are fourth factors: immunity power members make some corrupt businessmen from legal investigation. This factor clearly matters, because when a waiver Moscow Kremlin began to restrict the senator, businessman will no longer to scramble for the political. This can also explain why India has a lot of illegal officials: according to a survey conducted by the Bangalore based think tank center of public affairs, India 23% members had criminal charges.

　　Politics is becoming the emerging occupation

Some mature democracies (especially in Britain and America) is facing a new phenomenon: politics as a kind of occupation is on the rise. In the past, but you can participate in the political affairs after engaging in the specific occupation. In the UK, the Conservative Party officials generally are either independent means squire (especially a area of the big landlords), or is relegated to second-line businessman; while the Labour Party officials mainly union leaders or university teachers. But this is a thing of the past. After the incumbent Conservative leader Cameron graduated from University, then entered the party research department. In addition to spend in learning public relations art for several years, he will have all their adult into politics. British Prime Minister Brown and his predecessor Blair, each at the early age of 32 and 30 years old when he became a member of Parliament, and their previous occupation (respectively, journalists and lawyers) simply because they entered the political arena.

The British critic Peter open in a Book of his "victory" in the political class that, political will as a kind of occupation, is the rise in the periphery of the quasi political institutions, such as the think-tank, consulting company, Lobby Firms and so on, they hope in people with jobs: just a the internship, then start doing the research in an office of Parliament or Congress, also began to participate in the tank or lobbying group work, gradually entered politics.

Peter Auburn that this will result in a lack of inbreeding coefficient of class, the class with the appropriate connection outside. He may be right. But the trend is irreversible. Whether good or bad, politics is becoming a belongs only to its own occupation.

(original title: There was a lawyer, an engineer and a politician "lawyers, engineers and politicians" British "economist" magazine April 16th)

(this version remarks do not represent the views, for reference only. The article has abbreviate) (Editor: Zhao Jian)

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