About the king's Constitutional Convention

Maybe a lot of people on this issue is not to regard it as right, but in fact, a lot of people do not understand what is the constitutional monarchy. The monarch as the Regal isolationist in the China since ancient times, there are still some mention of King rebuked for feudal arrogant person. Now, I have several constitutional monarchy existed and the combination of the constitutional monarchy, talk about the following points.

The so-called constitutional monarchy, namely the monarchy constitution, and in accordance with a system of constitutional governance of the country. The monarchy almost all contemporary belong to such. Constitutional monarchy, also known as the limited monarchy. In accordance with the monarch retains the power size, can be divided into two yuan of constitutional monarchy and parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

Two yuan of constitutional monarchy in the constitutional framework, monarch has the great practical power, and members of the cabinet, veto congressional resolution, a constitutional monarchy and the monarch responsible cabinet. Such as the German Second Reich and the pre World War II Japan empire. In the Middle East, Saudi Arabia and so few monarchies, also belongs to this category (that also does not belong to the constitutional monarchy statement).

A parliamentary constitutional monarchy, referred to as a parliamentary monarchy. With Congress for the legislature and supreme power organ (quoted in "constitution of Japan"), the cabinet by the Congress and the election of one parliament or Congress (bicameral countries, generally to the house or the house) is responsible for the monarch as head of state, only the etiquette system. The vast majority of the world's monarchy, belong to this kind of. Such as the UK, Japan, Thailand, etc..

The constitutional monarchy in Britain, Japan, Thailand as an example, I summed up the following characteristics:

A state, the monarch as the center of power. Britain, Thailand are considered the king set, administrative, judicial and legislative power in a military commander, the Congress, the cabinet and the courts to exercise the power, thus established the constitutional monarchy power tone. This is also consistent with the monarch as head of state status.

Two, the monarch is a symbol of the country. The UK, Japan, Thailand, are of the view that the monarch is a symbol of national unity. It also extended the definition of a sacred and inviolate.

Three, the sovereign is the Anglican leader. Before the Second World War, Japan offering political consensus, that the emperor is Amaterasu descendants, are the people of god. At present, the British think, the queen is God's representative on earth, and Thailand's constitution, the king is the Buddhist believers and the highest maintenance. These are the monarch in the country to teach the position of Supreme leader.

Four, the rights and obligations of the monarch. The monarch as head of state, he has not accused rights (even if it is also specified in the Republic, and heads of state judicial immunity), at the same time, as the monarchy, is generally not abdicate (see Japan's Royal standard regulations, the emperor died.both, new emperor ascended the throne, thereby negating the monarch to abdicate right). The order of succession, in general are expressly provided for in the constitution or laws.

Five, the position is different from the civilian. At least from the definition is so. In Japan, the royal household, namely the imperial power spectrum is not controlled by the government, but by the Imperial Household Agency management. Members of the royal family can't have common citizens to vote and to stand for election. Can not participate in the vote, also cannot serve as the Government Civil servants. Many Japanese constitutional scholars think, not the royal.

Six, the monarchy with no responsibility in the state. In the constitutional monarchy, the monarch in the performance of the state's behavior, is carried out in accordance with the resolution of the cabinet, the cabinet is responsible, the monarchy from the responsibility. This is the constitutional monarchy. In such circumstances, any fault in the state, by the cabinet responsibility, or the cabinet to resign, or dissolve the house of Representatives, but never to the responsibility of precedent.

A king, a constitutional convention

1, the king reigns but does not govern

After the British "bill of rights" by the supreme power, Parliament, parliament's authority over the king's power, political practice, gradually formed the practice. Before the bill through Parliament itself, the abolition of Parliament passed the law, often in the king's personal will transfer. The king can dissolve parliament, and can decide to convene parliament to raise money for the taxes, can also easily veto by laws and resolutions, Parliament without any binding to the king. As the predecessor of the Privy Council, just help the king to deal with government consultative organ, the actual state of affairs by his personal decision.

"Bill of rights" through and after implementation, Parliament power over the king, the king can not dissolve parliament, also not without the consent of Parliament legislation and taxation. The Privy Council evolved into the cabinet, cabinet and handle affairs. Fading power of king, the king to participate directly in the attenuation caused by the Parliament and the cabinet activities of interest.

Limited monarchy, king in participating interest was significantly attenuated in the background, in 1714, the German George I was crowned king of england. He is a vulgar and stupid people, age is big (54 years old), and do not understand English, ascended the throne in a few years, most of the time are live in Germany Hannover territory, rarely came to London to attend cabinet meetings, sometimes even attended the meeting of the cabinet, also don't understand MPs and ministers say discussions, not directly in the cabinet meeting in the cabinet council activities make practical effect. In view of this situation, in 1717 the Council decided not to attend the meeting of the cabinet, the king.

Since then, about the presence of the king of the cabinet meeting, there have been repeated, that between 1760 and 1820, King George Sans has tried to revive the monarchy, to attend the cabinet meeting cabinet decision by the house of Representatives, but because of strong opposition to George III, had to give up. Especially due to the formation of the cabinet, Parliament and the cabinet consists entirely of bourgeois party control, the king to control Parliament and the cabinet not possible. Thus, virtual ruler King become divorced from actual government reigns but does not govern.

2, "the king can not be non" Constitutional Convention

After the king reigns but does not govern the constitutional convention formed, and gradually formed its inherent logic connection of another constitutional convention, namely "the king can not be non".
"The king can not be non" refers to the meaning of the king, never is not wrong, all wrong national policy, all cannot be attributed to the king, the negative political responsibility for any political decision the king never countries.

   The reasons are, after the cabinet form, all government activities are carried out according to the king's arrangement, released in the king's name laws and resolutions, all without cabinet countersignature is invalid, and the prime minister or the minister countersigns, the king will not take any political responsibility, the responsibility by the cabinet to take. On the surface, the king can not be non is free of responsibility for the king's behavior, is the essence of the exercise of power to the king limited. In order to make the king always keep no political error image, the king should not intervene in the political life of the nation, if the involvement in the country's political life, it is hard to avoid mistakes. In this way, the bourgeois cleverly to King excluded from national political decision, by the bourgeoisie control Parliament and the cabinet, decision-making and the exercise of state power.

Two, about the prime minister's Constitutional Convention

1, the Prime Minister presides over the cabinet government constitutional convention

After the bill of rights by, Parliament did not deal directly with the national administrative affairs, national administrative discretion initially by the royal family of the Privy Council to exercise leadership. During the period of King William Sans (1690 -- 1702), Whig party control of Congress, William Sans was appointed the Whig Party congressman Earl of Derby as Lord President of the Council, leadership and presided over the daily affairs of the Privy council. The selection of a few cronies Derby, composed of the Privy Council cabinet, in the inner chamber (also known as the cabinet) often have a secret meeting, to discuss and decide on the administrative affairs, this is in fact the cabinet chaired the administrative affairs to administrative power and therefore, by the Privy Council transferred to the cabinet minister in a few hands.

   To George I in (1714 -- 1727), by George I often do not seat parliament on 1717 to facilitate the cabinet meeting, formal decision, the king not to attend the cabinet meeting and presides over the cabinet government. In the king from the government, who presides at meetings of the cabinet, cabinet work leadership, he naturally is proposed. In order to solve this problem, in 1721, George the Great decided by the chancellor of the exchequer Robert Walpole presides at meetings of the cabinet, the cabinet exercise the power of leadership. Robert Walpole became a minister in the most prominent position "chief minister", then people will gradually called "prime minister". The Prime Minister presides over the cabinet, the cabinet of the government leading constitutional convention formed.

   Today, people are accustomed to 1721 as the first formal cabinet in British history, Robert Walpole as the UK's first prime minister, and according to Robert Walpole as chancellor of the exchequer, forming a cabinet minister is always at the head of the Treasury constitutional convention. In addition, the UK and even to Robert Walpole 200 years ago when he was Prime Minister, No. 10 Downing street in London office, still as British Prime Minister presides over the government affairs office official residence.
4, the prime minister to form a constitutional convention

The Prime Minister presides over the cabinet government constitutional convention formed at the beginning of 100 years only, the Prime Minister presides at meetings of the cabinet, cabinet work leading right is not selected, appointed cabinet minister, cabinet power. However, with the Prime Minister presides at meetings of the cabinet, cabinet work leading constitutional convention used for a long period of time, the Prime Minister got another power, which chooses the members of the cabinet, cabinet cabinet right, formed the prime minister to choose appoint ministers, government organizations and the constitutional convention.

   In 1832, the British bourgeois electoral reform, reform of the policy, conducive to the bourgeoisie against the feudal aristocracy, the conflicts between the two intensified, thus influence stability of government, in 1834, the government's frequent changes of prime minister, by the end of the year, the Tory Robert peel became the year's fourth prime minister. He served as prime minister, the cabinet was to keep stable, must organize a cooperation with the Prime Minister of cabinet. The king acquiesced to this request, so, Robert's prime minister selected by government ministers, and decided that government ministers in the cabinet as cabinet members, according to the views of the king appointed prime minister. Since then, the prime minister selected by government ministers and Cabinet Secretary (must be reported to the king appointed) of the Constitutional Convention formed.

   After practice, the practice has been developed and added, and further formed a government minister prime minister to all three levels of the constitutional convention. Government organization which is the prime minister's office after the first pick, all government ministers, then pick out of about 20 ministers in the cabinet, the final selection of 4 to 5 of the most trusted ministers in the cabinet prime minister, form the core of a cabinet minister system. Today, to form three levels the British government minister in the prime minister, depends entirely on a person.
Three, its relationship with the cabinet Constitutional Convention

There are two main categories: cabinet lost confidence in Parliament and prime minister should resign to dissolve the house of representatives.

1, the cabinet lost confidence in parliament should resign

After the parliament has the supreme power, as the law passed by Parliament and the cabinet resolution to give used to enforce the implementation in practice, Parliament and cabinet policy consistency, you need a parliamentary confidence to the organization by the cabinet, the cabinet is responsible to the assembly system. Therefore, Queen Anne (1702 -- 1714), always choose the appointed parliament house trust as a cabinet minister and parliament house, the trust secretary, are also the Parliament House majority faction, thus forming the cabinet by the Parliament House majority party constitution practice.

In 1742, has long been in control of the parliament house to escape the Whig infighting occurred, many Whig MPs MPs governing principles of prime minister Robert Walpole discontent. The opposition party to request Robert Walpole, the prime minister and cabinet resigned bill. Before and after the ruling party and the opposition attack, Prime Minister Robert Walpole to head the cabinet no power capable of saving a desperate situation, forced to resign, and founded the cabinet policy without the support and trust, all members of the cabinet should be resigned to the constitutional convention.

2, the prime minister to dissolve the house of representatives of the Constitutional Convention
In 1742 the formation of Parliament do not trust the cabinet, can force the cabinet collective resignation of the constitutional convention, the Parliament and the cabinet relations, parliamentary prevail, 42 years later, in 1784, and the formation of the cabinet of prime minister may be brought to the king to dissolve parliament house of the constitutional convention, the mutual restriction between Parliament and the cabinet and balance.

   In 1783, North America, the victory of the war of independence, the British government to perform a major symbol of American policy failure, caused the British rule within the group Public opinion is seething with indignation., Prime Minister became the target of the enemy. In 1783, prime minister change constantly, one year to replace the three prime minister in 1783 December, only 24 years old, William Pitt appointed prime minister, became Britain's youngest prime minister. But the next year, the house of representatives to prime minister William Peter and of no confidence motion, asked the prime minister to step down. In this case, Prime Minister William Peter asked king George III not due early dissolution of Parliament House, re elected House of representatives. In the face of a parliamentary Cabinet resigned, on the other hand, the cabinet and the dissolution of Parliament House of confrontation, George III complained of frequent replacement of the cabinet before this happened, in order to make the cabinet is relatively stable, George III will support attitude to the cabinet, approved the William Pitt the prime minister to request the dissolution of Parliament House, ordered will not expire to dissolve parliament house. In the later of the new session of Parliament's lower house, William Peter led the Tories won a majority of seats, the house of Representatives, the new parliament house, vote for prime minister William Peter to stay in power. From then on, hit a house without support for the cabinet, the cabinet can be brought to the king to dissolve the house of Representatives, to elect a new parliament house, and then by the newly elected House of Representatives, the cabinet decided whether the constitutional convention. (source: "five Western constitutional theory" Zhao Baoyun Chinese People's Public Security University press 1994 edition 139th - Page 145.)